Walt Disney
Walt 디즈니 is in particular noted for being a successful storyteller, a hands-on film producer, and a 인기 showman. He and his staff created a number of the world’s most 인기 animated properties; including the one many consider Disney’s alter-ego, Mickey Mouse. 디즈니 was born in Chicago, Illinois to Elias 디즈니 and Flora Call. He was named after his father and after his father's close friend Walter Parr, the minister at St. Paul Congregational Church. In 1906, his family moved to a farm near Marceline, Missouri. The family sold the farm in 1909 and lived in a rented house until 1910, when they moved to Kansas City. 디즈니 was nine years old at the time.
According to the Kansas City Public School District records, 디즈니 began attending the Benton Grammar School in 1911, and graduated on June 8, 1917. During this time, 디즈니 also enrolled in classes at the Chicago Art Institute. He left school at the age of sixteen and became a volunteer 구급차 driver in World War I, after he changed his birth certificate to show his 년 of birth as 1900 in order to be able to enlist in the service. He served as a member of the American Red 십자가, 크로스 구급차 Force in France until 1919. 디즈니 returned to the USA, moved to Kansas City and, with Ub Iwerks, formed a company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists" in January 1920. The company faltered and 디즈니 and Iwerks soon gained employment at the Kansas City Film Ad Corporation, working on primitive animated advertisements for local movie houses.
In 1922, 디즈니 started Laugh-O-Grams, Inc., which produced short 만화 based on 인기 fairy tales and children’s stories. Among his employees were Iwerks, Hugh Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carmen Maxwell, and Friz Freleng. The shorts were 인기 in the local Kansas City area, but their costs exceeded their returns. After creating one last short, the live-action/animation Alice’s Wonderland, the studio declared bankruptcy in July 1923. Disney's brother Roy invited him to 옮기기 to Hollywood, California, and 디즈니 earned enough money for a one-way train ticket to California, leaving his staff behind, but taking the finished reel of Alice’s Wonderland with him. isney set up 샵 with his brother Roy, started the 디즈니 Brothers Studio in their Uncle Robert’s garage, and got a distribution deal with New York City states-rights distributors Margaret Winkler and her fiancé Charles Mintz. Virginia Davis, the live-action 별, 스타 of Alice’s Wonderland, was sequestered from Kansas, as was Ub Iwerks. 의해 1926, the 디즈니 Brothers Studio had been renamed as the Walt 디즈니 Studio; the name Walt 디즈니 Productions would be adopted in 1928. One of the studio’s employees, Lillian Bounds, became Walt Disney’s wife; they were married on July 13 1925.
The Alice Comedies were reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice after Virginia Davis’ parents pulled her out of the series because of a pay cut. Lois Hardwick also briefly assumed the role. 의해 the time the series ended in 1927, the focus was 더 많이 on the animated characters, in particular a cat named Julius who recalled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice. 의해 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business, and ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the Oswald character became a 인기 property. The 디즈니 studio expanded, and Walt hired Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng from Kansas City.
In February 1928, 디즈니 went to New York to negotiate a higher fee per short from Mintz, but was shocked when Mintz announced that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid 디즈니 per short, but that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng, but notably excepting Ub Iwerks, under contract and would start his own studio if 디즈니 did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Disney. 디즈니 declined, 로스트 most of his 애니메이션 staff, and he, Iwerks, and the few non-defecting animators secretly began work on a new 쥐, 마우스 character to take Oswald’s place. The defectors became the nucleus of the Winkler Studio, run by
Mintz and his brother-in-law George Winkler. When that studio went under after Universal assigned production of the Oswald shorts to an in-house division run 의해 Walter Lantz, Mintz focused his attentions on the studio making the Krazy Kat shorts, which later became Screen Gems, and Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng marketed a Oswald-like character named Bosko to Leon Schlesinger and Warner Bros., and began work on the first entries in the Looney Tunes series. Christened 의해 Lillian Disney, Mickey 쥐, 마우스 made his film debut in a short called Plane Crazy, which was, like all of Disney’s 이전 works, a silent film. After failing to find distributor interest in Plane Crazy 또는 its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, 디즈니 created a Mickey cartoon with sound called 기선, 스팀 보트 Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided 디즈니 with both distribution and the Cinephone, a bootlegged sound-synchronization process. 기선, 스팀 보트 Willie became a success, and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey 만화 were released with soundtracks. 디즈니 himself provided the vocal effects for the earliest 만화 and performed as the voice of Mickey 쥐, 마우스 until 1947 and replaced 의해 sound effects guy James MacDonald.
Joining the Mickey 쥐, 마우스 series in 1929 were a series of musical shorts called Silly Symphonies, which began with The Skeleton Dance. Although both series were successful, the 디즈니 studio was not seeing its ri
ghtful share of profits from Pat Powers, and in 1930, 디즈니 signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures, leaving behind Powers and Ub Iwerks, who had been lured into an exclusive contract with Powers. After heading the only mildly successful Ub Iwerks Studio, Iwerks would return to 디즈니 in 1940 and, in the studio's research and development department, pioneer a number of film processes and specialized 애니메이션 technologies.
의해 1932, Mickey 쥐, 마우스 became the most 인기 cartoon character on the screen, and many competing studios such as 봉고차, 반 Beuren and Screen Gems created Mickey 쥐, 마우스 clones in hopes of cashing in on Disney’s success. After moving from Columbia to United Artists in 1932, Walt began producing the Silly Symphonies in the new 3-strip Technicolor process, making them the first commercial films presented in a true-color process. The first color Symphony was 꽃 and Trees, which won the first Academy Award for Best Short Subject: 만화 in 1932. The same year, 디즈니 received a special Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse, whose series was moved into color in 1935 and soon launched spin-off series for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. As Mickey’s co-creator and producer, 디즈니 was almost as famous as his 쥐, 마우스 cartoon character, but remained a largely private individual. His greatest hope was to give birth to a child—preferably a son—but he and Lillian tried with no luck. Lillian finally gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933; and the couple would adopt a second, Sharon Mae Disney, who was born December 21, 1936. Although his studio produced the two most successful cartoon series in the industry, the returns were still dissatisfying to Disney, and he began plans for a full-length feature in 1934. When the rest of the film industry learned of Disney’s plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they dubbed the project "Disney’s Folly" and were certain that the project would destroy the 디즈니 studio. Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk 디즈니 out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature. He employed Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff, and used the Silly Symphoniesas a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera. All of this development and training was used to elevate the quality of the studio so that it would be able to give the feature the quality 디즈니 desired. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, as the feature was named, was in full production from 1935 until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To acquire the funding to complete Snow White, 디즈니 had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers at the Bank of America, who gave the studio the money to finish the picture. The finished film premiered at the Carthay 원, 동그라미 Theater on December 21, 1937; at the conclusion of the film the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. The first animated feature in English and Technicolor, Snow White was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over US$8 million (today US$98 million) in its original theatrical release. The success of Snow White allowed 디즈니 to build a new campus for the Walt 디즈니 Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24 1939. The feature 애니메이션 staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi, while the shorts staff continued work on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time. Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White into movie theaters in 1940, but both were financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was planned as an income generator, but during production of the new film, most of the 애니메이션 staff went on strike, permanently straining the relationship between 디즈니 and his artists.
Shortly after Dumbo was released in October 1941 and became a successful moneymaker, the United States entered World War II. The U.S. Army took over most of the 디즈니 studio’s facilities and had the staff create training and instructional films for the military, as well as home-front propaganda such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the feature film Victory Through Air Power in 1943. The military films did not generate income, however, and Bambi underperformed when it was released in April 1942. 디즈니 successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing the seven-year re-release tradition for 디즈니 features.
Inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, were created and issued to theaters during this period as well. The most notable and successful of these were Saludos Amigos (1942), its sequel The Three Caballeros (1945), Song of the South (the first 디즈니 feature to feature dramatic actors, 1946), Fun and Fancy Free (1947), and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The later had only two sections: the first based on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 의해 Washington Irving and the 초 based on The Wind in the Willows 의해 Kenneth Grahame.
의해 the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, which had been shelved during the war years and began work on Cinderella. The studio also began a series of live-action nature films, entitled True-Life Adventures, in 1948 with On 봉인, 인감 Island. In 1947, during the dark early years of the Cold War, Walt 디즈니 testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and he named several of his employees as Communist sympathizers. Some historians believe that the animosity from the 1941 strike of 디즈니 Studio employees caused him to 곰 a grudge. His dislike and distrust of labor unions may have also led to his testimony. In 1949, when 디즈니 and his family moved to a new 집 on large piece of property in the in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California, with the help of his 프렌즈 Ward and Betty Kimball, owners of their own backyard railroad, 디즈니 developed the blueprints and immediately set to work creating his own miniature railroad in his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, originated from the address of his 집 which was located on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot-long trestle, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated dirt berm, and a 90-foot tunnel underneath Mrs. Disney's 꽃 bed. He even named the miniature working steam locomotive built 의해 Roger E. Broggie of the 디즈니 Studios Lilly Belle in his wife's honor. On a business trip to Chicago in the late 1940s, 디즈니 drew sketches of his ideas for a amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. These ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise which was to become Disneyland. 디즈니 spent five years of his life developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary of his company, called WED Enterprises, to carry out the planning and production of the park. A small group of 디즈니 studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.
When presenting his plan to the Imagineers, 디즈니 said "I want Disneyland to be the most amazing place on Earth, and I want a train circling it". Entertaining his daughters and their 프렌즈 in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired 디즈니 to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland. As Walt 디즈니 Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. 1950's Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, and was soon followed 의해 such successes as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), The Shaggy Dog (1959), and The Parent Trap (1960). The Walt 디즈니 Studio was one of the first to take full advantage of the then-new medium of television, producing its first TV special, One 시간 in Wonderland, in 1950. Walt 디즈니 began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC named Disneyland after the park, where he showed clips of past 디즈니 productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim, California. In 1955, he debuted the studio's first daily 텔레비전 show, the 인기 Mickey 쥐, 마우스 Club, which would continue in many various incarnations into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, 디즈니 devoted less of his attention to the 애니메이션 department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. During Disney’s life time, the 애니메이션 department created the successful Lady and the Tramp (in CinemaScope, 1955) and One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) and the financially disappointing Sleeping Beauty (in Super Technirama 70mm, 1959) and The Sword in the Stone (1963).
Production on the short 만화 had kept pace until 1956, when 디즈니 shut down the shorts division. Special shorts projects would continue to be made for the rest of the studio's duration on an irregular basis.
These productions were all distributed 의해 Disney’s new subsidiary Buena Vista Distribution, which had assumed all distribution duties for 디즈니 films from RKO 의해 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based upon a number of successful 디즈니 properties and films. After 1955, the Disneyland TV show became known as Walt 디즈니 Presents, went from black-and-white to color in 1961--changing its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color--and eventually evolved into what is today known as The Wonderful World of Disney, which continues to air on ABC as of 2005.
During the mid-1950s, 디즈니 produced a number of educational films on the 우주 program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in 우주 and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957. The films attracted the attention of not only the general public, but also the Soviet 우주 program. 의해 the early 1960s, the 디즈니 Empire was a major success, and Walt 디즈니 Productions had established itself as the world’s leading producer of family entertainment. After decades of trying, 디즈니 finally procured the rights to P.L. Travers’ 책 about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful 디즈니 film of the 1960s, and many hailed the live-action/animation combination feature as his greatest achievement. The same year, 디즈니 debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which later were integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project, to be established on the east coast, which 디즈니 had been planning since Disneyland opened. In 1964, Walt 디즈니 Productions began quietly purchasing land in central Florida west of Orlando in a largely rural area of marginal 주황색, 오렌지 groves for Disney's "Florida Project." The company acquired over 27,000 acres (109 km²) of land, and arranged favorable state legislation which would provide unprecedented quasi-governmental control over the area to be developed in 1966, founding the Reedy Creek Improvement District. 디즈니 and his brother Roy then announced plans for what they called "Disney World." 디즈니 World was to include a larger, 더 많이 elaborate version of Disneyland to be called the Magic Kingdom, and would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The 심장 of 디즈니 World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, 또는 EPCOT for short. EPCOT was designed to be an operational city where residents would live, work, and interact using advanced and experimental technology, while scientists would develop and test new technologies to improve human life and health. However, Disney’s involvement in 디즈니 World ended in late 1966, when he was diagnosed with lung cancer in his left lung, after a life-long habit of chain smoking. He was checked into the St. Joseph's Hospital across the 거리 from the 디즈니 Studio lot and his health eventually deteriorated. His dedication to his projects was still visible while lying in his death bed. On the evening of December 14th, Roy came to visit him. Here, Walt pointed up to the ceiling using the tiles as a grip map. He then signaled Roy about the roads and major places in EPCOT and 디즈니 World. Even sick, Walt's mind was clear, his imagination fully engaged and his voice enthusiastic.
It came as a complete shock to the 디즈니 Family and to the whole world when Walt died the 다음 morning. He was pronounced dead at 9:35 AM PST on December 15, 1966 having just celebrated his sixty-fifth birthday two weeks earlier. The official cause of death was "acute circulatory collapse". His 심장 simply stopped beating. It was trully unthinkable. Walt 디즈니 was dead. Roy, who had always been supportive to Walt, looking for and helping him, had 로스트 his reason for living. After an 시간 또는 so, Walt's foot was sticking out from under the blancket. Roy was 의해 the bed, gently rubbing Walt's foot and said "Well kid, it looks like the end of the road.". Roy was still the older brother to the end.
Roy 디즈니 carried out the Florida project, insisting that the name become Walt 디즈니 World in honor of his brother. Roy O. 디즈니 died three months after the Magic Kingdom opened for business in 1971. When the 초 phase of the Walt 디즈니 World theme park was built, EPCOT was translated 의해 Walt Disney's successors into the Epcot theme park, which opened in 1982. The Epcot Park that currently exists is essentially a living world's fair, a far cry from the actual functional city that 디즈니 had envisioned. However, the Celebration, Florida town built 의해 the Walt 디즈니 Company adjacent to Walt 디즈니 World harkens back to the EPCOT vision. Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme park have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carries his name. The Walt 디즈니 Company today owns, among other assets, four vacation resorts, nine theme parks, two water parks, thirty-two hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable 텔레비전 networks, and one terrestrial 텔레비전 network. Today, what was known as the Florida Project is now the largest and most 인기 private-run tourist destination on the planet, but the Walt 디즈니 shine is still there. From the 'Partners' statue at the Magic Kingdom to the 나무, 트리 of Life at Animal Kingdom, Walt 디즈니 is still remembered and his vision is still continued. His fascination with mass transportation lives in the Walt 디즈니 World Monorail which runs through two theme parks and four hotels, and his dreams of the future live on at Epcot in ahead-of-their-time attractions and technological breakthroughs.
Disneyland has developed from a cramped theme park to an open resort of two theme parks, three hotels and a large shopping complex. Walt 디즈니 World is a 인기 destination for vacations 의해 tourists worldwide, and Tokyo Disneyland is the most visited theme park in the world (its sister park Tokyo Disneysea is the second). In September 2005, The Walt 디즈니 Company will open Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in China.
On May 5 2005, The Walt 디즈니 Company opened the Happiest Homecoming on Earth celebration in front of Walt's Sleeping Beauty 성 at Disneyland, celebrating fifty years of the world's most famous theme park. Walt 디즈니 Parks and Resorts are renowned over the world for their attentions to detail, hygiene and standards, all set 의해 Walt 디즈니 at Disneyland. Traditional hand-drawn animation, with which Walt 디즈니 started his company, was, for a time, no longer produced at the Walt 디즈니 애니메이션 Studios. After a stream of financially unsuccessful traditionally animated features in the early 2000s, the two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer 애니메이션 production facility. In 2004, 디즈니 released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, 집 on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed, and the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog has marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation. 디즈니 devoted substantial time in his later years funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), which was formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of 음악 and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the 애니메이션 staff during the 1930s. When he died, one fourth of his estate went towards CalArts, which greatly helped the building of its campus. Walt also donated 38 acres (154,000 m²) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for the school to be built on. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1971.
Lillian 디즈니 devoted a lot of her time after Walt died to pursuing CalArts and organized hundreds of fund raising events for the 대학 in her late husband's honor (as well as funding the Walt 디즈니 Symphony Hall). After Lillian's passing, the legacy continued with daughter Diane and husband Ron continuing the tradition. CalArts is today one of the largest independent universities in California today, mostly because of the contributions of the Disneys.
John Sachs (born 1957) is a classic british voiceover actor who narrated UK 디즈니 VHS Previews and Promos. He did a voiceover for the first 미리 보기 of Bambi on the vhs of The Jungle Book in 1993 and He did a voiceover for the last 미리 보기 of Disney's Villains' Revenge on the vhs of 뮬란 in 1999. It is ashame that John Sachs is not doing a voiceover for 디즈니 previews anymore in the 2000's and 2010's.
1. Bambi VHS 미리 보기 (late 1993-late 1994)
2. Disney's Sing Along Songs VHS Promo (1994)
3. The Little Mermaid TV Series VHS Promo (1994)
4. 알라딘 VHS 미리 보기 (1994)
5. Walt 디즈니 Classics 미리 보기 (1994)
6. Pinocchio VHS 미리 보기 (1995)
7. Walt 디즈니 Classics Promo (1995)
8. 디즈니 비디오 Promo (1995-1996)
9. Toy Story 미리 보기 (1996)
10. 101 Dalmatians VHS 미리 보기 (1996)
11. 알라딘 VHS 미리 보기 (1996)
12. Oliver and Company 미리 보기 (1996)
13. Peter Pan 미리 보기 (1997 또는 1998)
14. Hercules 미리 보기 (1998)
15. The Lion King 2 미리 보기 (1998 또는 1999)
And many 더 많이
John Sachs
