Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf
The Canis lupus tundrarum was identified as a subspecies in 1912 의해 zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller. Some believe that it is just an extension of the Interior Alaskan Wolf, while others think it is the same as the Mackenzie Valley 늑대 또는 the Mackenzie 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf. The Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 shares many characteristics with all three.
HABITAT
The Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 resides in the 동토대, 툰드라 regions along the Arctic coast of northern Alaska.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 is a large 늑대 measuring from 50 to 64 in length (nose to end of tail). Its weight can vary in males from 85 to 176 pounds, and in females from 80 to 120 pounds. They are usually seen in light colored to pure white coats, though they also come in dark coats, including black. Their hair is long, though not as long as the European 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf. They have a heavier dentition than the Interior Alaskan Wolf.
DIET
When possible, it will feed on deer and other ungulates. It also feeds on smaller 동물 and vegetation.
BREEDING
The dominant male and female of the pack will mate around February. Gestation lasts anywhere from 62 to 75 days. The female usually gives birth to about 4 pups in a den. The pack will assist in raising them.
Alexander Archipelago Wolf
HABITAT
The Alexander Archipelago wolf, also known as the Canis lupus ligoni, is found in coastal southeast Alaska. A large portion of them reside within Alaska's Tongass National Forest. They can be found on the mainland from Dixon Entrance to Yakutat Bay, and on all the major islands in the Alexander Archipelago except Admiralty, Baranof and Chichagof.
These islands are but the tops of submerged coastal mountains having steep rugged shorelines. They are densely forested and have an abundance of wildlife. Many of the 늑대 travel freely between islands, and their ranges may shift significantly over time. This makes it difficult to accurately keep track of their population. This subspecies of 늑대 is relatively isolated from other 늑대 의해 mountains and water barriers.
CHARACTERISTICS
These "island wolves" are small 늑대 with short hair which is usually either black 또는 another rather dark color. They average about 3 1/2 feet long, 2 feet high, weighing 30 to 50 pounds. Taxonomist Goldman described the Alexander Archipelago 늑대 as being smaller and having shorter, coarser, and darker hair than 늑대 in the northern and interior areas of Alaska.
DIET
Alexander Archipelago 늑대 feed primarily on Sitka black-tailed deer. They will also prey on moose, beaver, mustelids, other small mammals, and birds. Researchers have learned in recent years that some 늑대 packs also spend a surprising amount of time feeding on salmon.
BREEDING
In southeast Alaska, pups are usually born during the last 2 weeks of April. Dens are usually built 4 to 5 weeks prior to the birth, between the roots of trees, in small caves 또는 crevices in rocks, abandoned 비버 lodges, 또는 expanded mammal burrows.
STATUS
늑대 in Alaska have been under attack since the 1940s. A federal poisoning and aerial shooting campaign began following World War II. 의해 the mid-1950s the government had greatly reduced 늑대 numbers in much of south central and interior Alaska. While poisoning was banned after statehood in 1959, aerial shooting and bounty payments continued through the 1960s.
After the passage of the Federal Airborne Hunting Act in 1972 and the termination of the bounty, 늑대 numbers increased. 의해 the mid-1970s hunters demanded state-sponsored 늑대 control and the Alaska Department of 물고기 and Game responded with helicopter shooting programs. Considerable public opposition stopped these state-sponsored programs, but land-and-shoot hunting of 늑대 의해 private hunters continued through the 1980s into the early 1990s.
The current population of Alexander Archipelago 늑대 is thought to be between 750 and 1,100.
Arctic Wolf
Able to tolerate years of sub-zero temperatures, up to five months of darkness a year, and weeks without food, the arctic 늑대 lives in one of the few places on earth where it is 안전한, 안전 from the greatest threat of all - man. Arctic 늑대 inhabit some of the most inhospitable terrain in the world. In April, the air temperature rarely rises above -22 F. The ground is permanently frozen. The arctic 늑대 is one of the few mammals that can tolerate these conditions. Details of the animal's life through much of the 년 are virtually unknown.
늑대 usually live in small packs 또는 family groups consisting of a breeding pair, their pups, and their unmated offspring from the prior several seasons. The dominant, 또는 breeding, pair are known as the alpha male and alpha female. They are respected 의해 the rest of the pack. All adults in the pack cooperate in feeding and caring for the young.
Throughout the Fall and Winter, arctic 늑대 remain on the move. After mating in March, the pregnant female leaves the pack to find a 굴, 덴 to give birth to her pups. She may dig a new one. However, if the ground is frozen, she will be forced to return to an old 굴, 덴 in a cave 또는 rock cleft. The pups are born deaf, blind, and helpless. They are totally dependent on their mother, and she in turn relies on her mate to bring her the 음식 she needs. After a month, the pups are able to eat meat. From then on, the whole pack shares the job of feeding them with regurgitated meat from a kill. The pups may strike out on their own the following year.
The arctic 늑대 preys on lemmings and arctic hare, but its most substantial 출처 of 음식 is musk oxen and caribou. Because of the scarcity of grazing plants, 동물 must roam a large area in order to find enough 음식 to survive.
They will kill virtually any animal they can catch, and eat every part of it, including skin, fur, and bones. The 늑대 have up to 800 square miles in which to 검색 for their prey. When Winter temperatures plummet, the 늑대 may follow migrating caribou South.
The arctic 늑대 must hunt together in packs when seeking large prey. The caribou 또는 musk oxen are too powerful for any one 늑대 to take on alone. 의해 the time the pack approaches a herd of oxen out in the open, the chance of a surprise attack is long gone; the herd has already formed a defensive 원, 동그라미 with the calves in the center. The 늑대 must then prowl around the herd forcing the oxen to shift their ground to face them. If the 늑대 are successful, the oxen will scatter. The 늑대 will then give chase, trying to isolate the young 또는 weak. A musk ox will provide enough 음식 to last the 늑대 several days.
The shoulder height of the arctic 늑대 varies from 25 to 31 inches. On average, they are about 3 feet tall from head to toe. Their body length may vary from 3 to 5 feet (nose to tail). Their 색깔 may range from red, gray, white and black. The approximate weight of a full grown male is 175 pounds. In captivity, an arctic 늑대 can live to be over 17 years. However, the average lifespan in the wild is but 7 years.
늑대 in general have been under threat throughout history. The arctic 늑대 is the only subspecies still found over the whole of its original range. This is largely because it rarely encounters humans.
The Baffin Island Wolf
It was not until 1943 that the Baffin Island 늑대 was recognized as a distinct subspecies 의해 zoologist Rudolph Martin Anderson. Its trinomial name Canis lupus manningi was taken from zoologist Thomas Henry Manning, OC who had spent a 년 and a half mapping the island.
HABITAT
Baffin Island 늑대 are found exclusively on Baffin Island and a few small adjacent islands.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Baffin Island 늑대 is the smallest of all arctic wolves. It has a thick white 코트 which makes it appear larger than it actually is.
DIET
Baffin Island 늑대 are omnivorous creatures and will feed on just about anything if they are hungry enough. However, their major sources of 음식 are lemmings, barren-ground caribou, and the arctic hare. They often hunt either alone 또는 a male and female together.
STATUS
The Baffin Island 늑대 is listed as endangered.
Bernard's Wolf
It was not until 1943 that zoologist Rudolph Martin Anderson identified the Bernard's Wolf, also known as the Banks Island Wolf, as the subspecies Canis lupus bernardi. An adult male skin and skull of the 늑대 at the National Museum of Canada had been collected 의해 Peter Bernard. The 늑대 was named after hunter/explorer/fur trader Peter Bernard and his nephew Joseph Bernard.
HABITAT
The Bernard's 늑대 reside on Banks Island in the Northwest Territories of Canada. They were previously widespread in the archipelago Victoria, but were annihilated 의해 excessive hunting.
CHARACTERISTICS
They are large wolves, standing up to 4 feet tall and 6 feet long from tip of nose to end of tail. They have long thick white hair with a black stripe down their spine. They can weigh anywhere from 60 to 110 pounds.
STATUS
The last Bernard's 늑대 seen on Banks Island were in the northwestern regions. During a survey of the southern region of the island taken in March of 1993, no 늑대 were found, nor were any fresh 늑대 kills nor 늑대 tracks seen. The 늑대 on Victoria Island were killed off between 1918 and 1952.
British Columbian Wolf
The British Columbian 늑대 was classified as subspecies Canis lupus columbianus in 1941 의해 senior biologist Edward Goldman.
HABITAT
It was once found in the greater part of British Columbia, parts of Yukon, Alberta, and southwestern Alaska It crossed territories with the Alexander Archipelago 늑대 and the Cascade Mountain Wolf.
CHARACTERISTICS
Canis lupus columbianus was one of the larger subspecies of the Gray 늑대 in North America. They weighed between 80-150 pounds, and had long coats which were usually black, often mixed with grey, 또는 brown. They measured roughly 60 to 70 inches in length. It had similarities to both the Alaskan Interior 늑대 and the Mackenzie Valley Wolf, though it usually measured smaller than both.
DIET
The British Columbian 늑대 fed on hares, birds, deer and other ungulates.
STATUS
Hunted to extinction.
Cascade Mountain Wolf
Also known as the Brown Wolf, the Canis lupus fuscus was recognized as a gray 늑대 subspecies 의해 Sir John Richardson, M.D. in 1839.
HABITAT
At one time, it could be found along the Cascades, from Southwestern Canada down to Northern California.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Cascade Mountain 늑대 was similar in size to both the Northern Rocky Mountains 늑대 and the Southern Rocky Mountains Wolf. It was of medium size, averaging 3 feet tall, 4 to 5 feet in length, and 80 to 90 pounds. The "fuscus" in the wolf's latin name refers to its greyish-brown 코트 which occasionally would have a touch of red and/or sprinkles of black.
STATUS
Because of government sponsered bounties and the hostility of settlers toward the Cascade Mountain Wolf, it eventually became extinct 의해 1940.
Canis lupus lycaon, commonly known as the eastern timber wolf, was the first gray 늑대 subspecies to be identified in North America in 1775. Fairly recent molecular studies have suggested it as being a distinct species of its own, the Canis lycaon. There has not, however, been any official change in classification.
HABITAT
The eastern timber 늑대 was at one time found as far south as Florida and as far west as Minnesota. It still occupies over 40% of its original range in Canada. However, it is found mainly around the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence regions of southeast Ontario and southwest Quebec in remote, forested areas. Their greatest concentration is in Algonquin Park in Ontario.
Eastern Timber Wolf
The eastern timber 늑대 does not always make use of shelters except when rearing offspring. Their shelters will always be near a water source. The territory of their pack may cover anywhere from 20 to 120 square miles.
CHARACTERISTICS
Eastern timber 늑대 come in a variety of 색깔 from white to grey and from brown to black. They often have a reddish-brown muzzle and lower legs with white, grey, and black on their back. Smaller than the common gray wolf, they weigh anywhere from 50 to 100 lbs. The average adult male weighs 75 lbs. and the average adult female weighs 60 lbs. They measure 5 to 5 1/2 feet in length (tip of nose to end of tail) and 25 to 36 inches in height.
DIET
In the winter, the timber 늑대 feeds mainly on large 동물 such as white-tailed deer, moose, elk, and caribou. Other times of the year, its diet will include smaller 동물 such as rodents and fish.
BREEDING
Eastern timber 늑대 breed in late winter. Like most other wolves, usually just the dominant male and female of the pack that breed. This helps keep up the strength of the pack. A liter of about five 또는 six pups is born two months later in a den. They are deaf and blind, and weigh about a pound each. Growing several pounds a week, they start seeing at two weeks and hearing at three weeks. At six weeks, the pups are fed solid 음식 regurgitated 의해 the adults. 의해 the end of the summer, the pups are close to full grown and blend in with the pack.
STATUS
As with other wildlife, human activity is the greatest threat to the eastern timber wolf. They came close to being extinct in the United States in the early 1900s. Today, they survive in only 3 percent of their original habitat in the United States. The only state where they are not listed as endangered is Minnesota where they are listed as threatened.
The Great Plains Wolf
Also known as the buffalo wolf, the Great Plains 늑대 is the most common subspecies of the gray 늑대 in the continental United States. It was originally identified as a separate species Canis nubilus 의해 Thomas Say in 1823 and was re-classified as subspecies Canis lupus nubilus in 1841 의해 Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied.
HABITAT
The Great Plains 늑대 at one time had the largest range of any subspecies in North America, inhabiting most of the Western United States, southeastern Alaska, and central and northeastern Canada. However, 의해 the 1930s, the subspecies had been almost totally eradicated from the United States. 의해 the mid-1960s, just a few still survived in northeastern Minnesota along the Ontario border. It is currently found in the western Great Lakes region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Upper Michigan and Ontario. The size of the wolf's territory can vary depending on the type and availability of prey.
CHARACTERISTICS
Great Plains 늑대 vary from 4 1/2 to 6 1/2 feet long from nose to end of tail, and weigh between 60 and 110 pounds. The female is roughly 80 percent the size of the male. Their 코트 is usually a blend of grey, black, brown, buff, 또는 red. They travel in packs of 5 또는 6 늑대 on average.
DIET
The Great Plains 늑대 preys on white-tailed deer, moose, snowshoe hare, small birds, and rodents such as beaver.
BREEDING
To maintain the strength of the pack, usually only the alpha male and female reproduce. Mating season usually occurs from early January through late February at such northern climates. Roughly 63 days after mating, the mother will give birth to 4 to 6 pups in a den. They become fully grown in 6 to 8 months and are sexually mature 의해 about 22 months.
STATUS
It was believed the Great Plains 늑대 had become extinct 의해 1926. However, later studies showed 늑대 found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Upper Michigan to be descendants of the Canis lupus nubilus. Even then, their number became fewer and fewer until they were federally protected as an endangered species in 1974. Because of being federally protected, their population in Minnesota had become large enough to be reclassified as just threatened in 1978.
의해 2009, the number of 늑대 in the Great Lakes region had climbed to an estimated 2,922 in Minnesota, 580 in Michigan, and 626 in Wisconsin. In response, the 물고기 and Wildlife Service removed these 4,000 늑대 from the endangered species list. As a result, the agency was sued 의해 5 environmental and animal protection groups and forced to return the 늑대 to the list - at least temporarily. The 물고기 and Wildlife Service still believes that the 늑대 in the western Great Lakes region have met the recovery criteria and don't need to be listed.
The Greenland Wolf
The Greenland 늑대 has been described as a white to pale colored 늑대 very similar to the Arctic 늑대 and resides in Greenland. It was classified as a distinct subspecies in 1935 의해 British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock.
With that said, there is no available evidence to suggest that the Greenland 늑대 still exists 또는 ever did. In fact, the validity of the subspecies Canis lupus orion is doubted 의해 many scientists. It seems unlikely that the Greenland 늑대 has at any time developed subspecies characteristics distinct from its Canadian counterpart. The lighter weight of these 늑대 in Greenland is very likely due to malnutrition rather than a morphological difference between the Canis lupus orion and high Arctic 동토대, 툰드라 wolves.
It is generally acknowledged that the Greenland 늑대 are migrants from Canada (Vibe, 1967), and the documented reports of 늑대 on the sea ice in both the northern and southern parts of Nares Strait suggest that this migration is frequent and still persists (Dawes, 1978). If the Greenland 늑대 is an actual subspecies, it is most likely extinct.
The Hudson 만, 베이 Wolf
Sometimes referred to as the 동토대, 툰드라 wolf, the Hudson 만, 베이 늑대 was classified as the gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus hudsonicus in 1941 의해 senior biologist Edward A. Goldman.
HABITAT
They are found in Canada, west of Hudson 만, 베이 from Northern Manitoba through the Northwest Territories and above, sometimes migrating south in the winter with the caribou herds.
CHARACTERISTICS
Hudson 만, 베이 늑대 are of medium size with body lengths of 4 to 5 feet on average, and measuring from 28 to 36 inches high. Their weight may vary anywhere from 80 to 140 pounds, with females being slightly smaller than males.
They have bushy hair that can vary from a light grey to a yellowish-white 또는 cream color. Their hair seems to be lighter in the winter. They are said to be similar in general to the Mackenzie Valley wolf, only smaller.
DIET
Hunting in packs, they will prey on large ungulates such as caribou, moose and bison. When large prey is not as plentiful, they will also feed on carrion and smaller animals. On average, they require about 10 pounds of meat per day.
BREEDING
Mating usually occurs in the spring between the alpha pair of the pack. Gestation lasts 62 to 65 days, after which the mother gives birth to an average of 4 to 6 pups. They are brown in color and deaf and blind for the first 10 days. After several weeks, they begin to leave the den, but are still breastfed for 2 to 3 months. All members of the pack participate in raising the young. They reach full maturity 의해 2 years.
STATUS
The status of the Hudson 만, 베이 늑대 has not been evaluated 의해 the IUCN. Though it is considered 의해 many to be endangered. Its lifespan in the wild is approximately 10 years.
The Interior Alaskan Wolf
The Interior Alaskan Wolf, also known as the Yukon Wolf, was classified as the Canis lupus pambasileus in 1905 의해 zoologist Daniel Elliot. It is among the largest 늑대 in North America, if not the largest. Some believe that it is just an extension of the Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf.
HABITAT
They are distributed throughout the interior of Alaska and the Yukon, except the 동토대, 툰드라 region of the arctic coast.
CHARACTERISTICS
Interior Alaskan 늑대 are usually of a darker color, most often black 또는 black mixed with either brown, gray, 또는 white. They are very large wolves, measuring 5 to 7 feet in length from tip of nose to end of tail. They are at present the largest 늑대 in North America and possible the world.
DIET
Some of what they feed on are caribou, moose, dall sheep, hares, and ground squirrel.
The Kenai Peninsula Wolf
Kenai Peninsula 늑대 were the largest 늑대 in North America before humans drove them to extinction. They were identified as subspecies Canis lupus alces in 1941 의해 senior biologist Edward Goldman using only skeletal findings.
HABITAT
They inhabited the Kenai Peninsula and adjacent areas in Alaska.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Kenai Peninsula 늑대 measured from 5 to 7 feet in length (nose to end of tail), 35 to 44 inches shoulder height, and weighed 150 to 200 pounds.
DIET
It fed largely on moose which is how its scientific name Canis lupus alces was derived. It would also feed on other large ungulates.
EXTINCTION
늑대 were plentiful on the Kenai Peninsula in the late 1890's. However, the gold rush brought prospectors to the area, and 의해 1915 늑대 were almost completely exterminated 의해 means of predator control programs using poison, along with heavy hunting and trapping. It became extinct 의해 1925.
The Labrador Wolf
The Labrador 늑대 was identified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus labradorius 의해 biologist Edward A. Goldman in 1937. Because of its elusiveness and the vast, rugged land it occupies, it is one of the least studied 늑대 in the world. Labrador 늑대 are also rarely photographed in the wild.
HABITAT
They still inhabit nearly all of their historic range in Labrador and Northern Quebec.
CHARACTERISTICS
They are medium size 늑대 with dark gray to nearly white fur. Similar in general only larger than the Canis lupus lycaon of southwest Quebec and the Great Lakes region.
DIET
Labrador 늑대 hunt one of the largest herds of caribou in the world. They also prey on moose, musk ox, hares, beaver, and other rodents and fish.
STATUS
Endangered.
The Mackenzie 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf
Originally identified as subspecies Canis lupus mackenzii in 1943 의해 Canadian zoologist Rudolph Anderson, the Mackenzie 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 was reclassified in 1992 as being a member of the subspecies Canis lupus occidentalis. It also has similarities to Canis lupus tundarum and Canis lupus pambsileus.
HABITAT
It resides East of the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories of Canada from the arctic coast to south of Great 곰 Lake. Signs of them have been found as far south as Great Slave Lake.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Canis lupus mackenzii is a medium size wolf, measuring roughly 60 to 65 in in length from nose to end of tail. They can range in color anywhere from white to yellowish white to grey to black 또는 a blend of all of these.
DIET
The main 출처 of 음식 is caribou. They will also feed on rodents and salmon.
STATUS
The Mackenzie 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 is endangered.
The Mackenzie Valley Wolf
The Canis lupus occidentalis which also goes 의해 the Mackenzie Valley wolf, the Alaskan timber wolf, the Canadian timber wolf, 또는 the rocky mountain wolf, was classified as a gray 늑대 subspecies in 1829 의해 Sir John Richardson, M.D. It is one of the largest 늑대 subspecies in North America.
HABITAT
Mackenzie Valley 늑대 inhabit much of western Canada and Alaska including Unimak Island. In 1995-96, they were brought from Canada to restore populations in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. In Alaska, 늑대 packs are usually 6 to 12 wolves, though some packs may be as large as 20 to 30. Their territories in Alaska average about 600 square miles. In Yellowstone, pack size averages 9.2 늑대 with average territory size of 348 square miles. In Idaho, pack size averages 11.1 with territories averaging 364 square miles.
CHARACTERISTICS
Average males weigh between 100 and 145 pounds with females weighing roughly 10 to 20 percent less. The heaviest on record was caught in Alaska in 1939, weighing 175 pounds. Though the 기네스 book of Animal World Records mentions an unconfirmed specimen weighing 230 pounds. They measure 32 to 36 inches shoulder height and 5 to 7 feet in length, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail. Their long, powerful legs allow them to travel as far as 70 miles a day, and through rough terrain like deep snow. They can reach speeds of up to 40 miles an 시간 for short periods of time. Their skull measures about 12 inches long. A combination of powerful jaw and neck muscles allows them to break 본즈 and bring down large prey.
DIET
The size of Mackenzie Valley 늑대 is partially due to their large abundance of food. They will prey on wood bison, elk, caribou, musk ox, moose, Dall sheep, Sitka black-tailed deer, mountain goat, beaver, ground squirrel, vole, snowshoe hare, lemmings, and salmon.
BREEDING
Breeding season usually occurs in February. The dominant male and female of the pack breed in attempt to keep up the strength of the pack. Usually 63 days after breeding, 4 to 6 pups are born. They leave the 굴, 덴 in 4 to 6 weeks, and 의해 fall, they are large enough to travel and hunt with the pack. They become full-grown in 6 to 8 months, and sexually mature at about 22 months.
STATUS
Like most other wolves, human activity (hunting, trapping, etc.) is 의해 far the greatest threat. However, protection given to the Mackenzie Valley 늑대 has allowed its population to increase drammatically. The 늑대 population in Alaska was estimated between 7,000 and 10,000 in 2006. 늑대 population in the northern Rocky Mountains (Greater Yellowstone Area, NW Montana, and Idaho) was estimated to be about 1200 and increasing. The U.S. 물고기 and Wildlife Services has decided to remove the gray 늑대 from the federal endangered list in the Northern Rockies and the western Great Lakes. Courts have overturned attempts in the past to remove them from the list. Legal battles are expected.
The Manitoba Wolf
Though the Manitoba 늑대 was officially classified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus griseoalbus 의해 zoologist Spencer Baird in 1858, many specialists never recognized it as a separate 늑대 subspecies. It is also known as the elusive wolf, the Saskatchewan timber wolf, and the grizzly wolf.
HABITAT
They supposedly reside in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Newfoundland, and the Northwest Territories of Canada.
CHARACTERISTICS
Manitoba 늑대 have been described as large size grey and white wolves. They are believed 의해 many to simply be Hudson 만, 베이 wolves.
DIET
Their main 음식 출처 is caribou.
STATUS
If the Manitoba wolf's status isn't the same as the Hudson 만, 베이 wolf's (which is endangered), then it is probably 더 많이 likely to be extinct.
The Mexican Gray Wolf
Until the 1900s, the Mexican gray 늑대 had ranged throughout Central Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Western Texas. Settlers at this time began hunting the wolf's prey, forcing the 늑대 to turn to feeding on the settler's livestock. This in turn lead to the settlers hunting the wolf.
의해 the 1950s, the Mexican 늑대 was virtually wiped out in the United States 의해 private trappers and government agencies. The last wild Mexican 늑대 known of in the United States was shot in 1970. In 1976, they were listed as endangered. Their number has since been increased through captive breeding, and they have been re-released into the wild, though they are still a very rare mammal in the wild.
When in the wild, the 늑대 feeds primarily on deer, antelope, rabbits and other small rodents. As the smallest subspecies of gray wolf, the Mexican gray 늑대 varies in size from 50 to 64 inches long (nose to tail), 24 to 32 inches shoulder height, and weighs from 50 to 90 pounds. It's 코트 is usually a blend of black, white, and grey. They form in packs which usually consist of a breeding pair and their offspring. Just like the Canis Lupus, all members of the pack help in raising the young.
The Mogollon Mountain Wolf
Also known as the Southwestern 늑대 또는 Mogollon Mountain wolf, the Mongollon 늑대 was classified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus mongolonensis 의해 biologist Edward A. Goldman in 1937. It was named after the Mogollon Indians of Arizona and New Mexico.
HABITAT
It inhabited Mogollon Plateau region of central of central Arizona, east through the Mogollon Mountains in southeast New Mexico to the Sacramento Mountains in central New Mexico.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Mogollon 늑대 was a small to medium size, slightly smaller than the Texas gray 늑대 on average, but larger that the Mexican gray.
STATUS
The Mogollon Mountain 늑대 was driven to extinction 의해 1935.
The Newfoundland Wolf
The Newfoundland 늑대 subspecies was not formally described until 1937 의해 zooligists G. M. Allen and Thomas Barbour, after it had already been led to extinction. Its scientific name Canis lupus beothucus was taken from the Beothuck, the native inhabitants of Newfoundland who were officially declared extinct 의해 1829.
HABITAT
The Newfoundland 늑대 lived on the island of Newfoundland off the east coast of Canada. Recent evidence has suggested that the first 늑대 to inhabit the island may have been there prior to the last ice age, surviving the ice age in refugia, south of the glacial ice sheet.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Newfoundland 늑대 was a medium to large 늑대 up to 5.5 feet long (nose to end of tail) and up to 100 pounds. It was said to be white, with a black stripe down its spine.
DIET
Caribou was the principle diet of the Newfoundland wolf. It also fed on beaver, vole, and other Rodentia.
EXTINCTION
Although hunting, trapping, and vigorous predator control methods were used on the Newfoundland wolf, it is believed to have been led to extinction mainly 의해 a sudden 음식 shortage in the early 1900's when the Newfoundland caribou population drastically dropped from as many as 120,000 to as few as 5,000-6,000. The last wild 늑대 on the island was shot 의해 1911. However, it wasn't until 1930 that it was officially listed as extinct.
The Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf
The Northern Rocky Mountain 늑대 was classified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus irremotus in 1937 의해 senior biologist Edward A. Goldman.
HABITAT
Its original habitat extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains to Southern Alberta in Canada.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Northern Rocky Mountain 늑대 is a light colored 늑대 of medium to large size, averaging from 85 to 115 pounds. The largest found on record was 145 pounds.
DIET
바이슨, 들소 made up a large portion of its diet until the herds of 바이슨, 들소 were wiped out. So, when the 늑대 were forced to switch over to feed on cattle, they were intentionally driven to extinction.
STATUS
It was removed from the federal list of endangered species in 2008
The Southern Rocky Mountain Wolf
The Southern Rocky Mountain Mountain 늑대 was classified as a gray 늑대 subspecies in 1937 의해 senior biologist Edward A. Goldman. It was given the Latin name Canis lupus youngi in recognition of Stanley P. Young who worked for the U.S. Government in overseeing extermination of the wolf. Go figure.
HABITAT
They were found throughout the Rocky Mountain region from Northern Utah and Southern Wyoming, south through Utah and Western Colorado To Northern Arizona and Northern New Mexico. They then became 더 많이 and 더 많이 dispersed going west to Central Nevada and as far south as the Providence Mountains in Southern California.
CHARACTERISTICS
In size, they varied from medium to somewhat large, similar to the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf. They were 4 feet to over 5 feet in length, averaging about 90 pounds, though they were found weighing up to 125 pounds. They had light buff colored fur, similar to the Great Plains wolf.
STATUS
The Southern Rocky Mountain 늑대 officially became extinct in 1935 from excessive hunting, trapping, and poisoning.
The Texas Gray Wolf
The Texas gray 늑대 was classified as subspecies Canis lupus monstrabilis in 1937 의해 biologist Edward A. Goldman. It became extinct just 5 years later in 1942.
HABITAT
It could once be found from southeastern New Mexico throughout central Texas, all the way down to the Mexican border and into Louisiana.
CHARACTERISTICS
On average, they had a small to medium build. Though they were not quite as small as the Mexican wolf. Most were of a rather dark color, though some specimens have shown that they were occasionally white.
DIET
바이슨, 들소 made up a large portion of its diet until the herds of 바이슨, 들소 were wiped out. So, when the 늑대 were forced to switch over to feed on cattle, they were intentionally driven to extinction.
STATUS
Though the Texas Gray 늑대 is considered 의해 many to be a distinct subspecies, other versions of 늑대 taxonomy recognized the subspecies as belonging to either Canis lupus baileyi 또는 Canis lupus nubilus. As stated above, they became extinct just 5 years after first being recognized as a separate subspecies.
The Vancouver Island Wolf
The Vancouver Island 늑대 was identified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus crassodon 의해 zoologist E. Raymond Hall, PhD. in 1932.
HABITAT
Its original habitat extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains to Southern Alberta in Canada.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Vancouver Island 늑대 is of medium sized, measuring roughly 26 to 32 inches high, 4 to 5 feet from nose to end of tail, and weighing 65 to 90 pounds. It is usually a mix of grey, brown, and black. Occasionally, they are seen pure white.
DIET
The two principal prey of the Vancouver Island 늑대 are the Columbian black-tailed deer and the Roosevelt elk. It also feeds on Eastern Cottontail Rabbit which were brought to the island in 1964.
BREEDING
Breeding season for this 늑대 comes in January.
STATUS
The Vancouver Island 늑대 disappeared from some surrounding islands like Salt Spring Island in the 1800's. In 1970, they wereadded tothe Canadian Wildlife Federations "Endangered Wildlife in Canada" list. 1973 Vancouver Island's 늑대 sighting program started with a count of 37 wolves, 1976 Vancouver Island 늑대 Populations had seemed to rebound with a count of 88 wolves,and in 1977 they were removed from the provincial Threatened and Endangered Species list.
The North American Red Wolf
The red 늑대 Canis lupus rufus is the only surviving 늑대 that evolved in North America. It was originally identified in 1851 의해 naturalists John Audubon and John Bachman as the species Canis rufus, distinct from the gray 늑대 Canis lupus. However, there is a present dispute between biologists, over whether the red 늑대 is a true species 또는 a hybrid caused 의해 the interbreeding of coyotes and gray wolves.
In defense of the red wolf's right to claim its own species, though early specimens suggest that it began to interbreed with the coyote Canis latrans around 1900, there is really no evidence that the red 늑대 originated as a hybrid of the gray 늑대 and coyote.
A common belief is that the coyote, the gray 늑대 and Eastern North American 늑대 all decended from one prehistoric ancestor, the Canis edwardii of the Pleistocene epoch. The Eastern North American 늑대 are then believed to have evolved into the eastern 늑대 of today and the red wolf. However, with all that said, the red 늑대 has been most recently classified in 2005 as the gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus rufus. In addition, Canis edwardii is most recently believed to have evolved into the Canis armbrusteri
HABITAT
Red 늑대 were once present throughout the southeastern United States from the Atlantic Coast to central Texas and from the Gulf Coast to central Missouri and southern Illinois. It may have occurred as far north as Maine. The red wolf's natural 집 could vary from 25 to 50 square miles. Any land which provides adequate food, water, and heavy vegetation would provide viable habitat for red wolves.
CHARACTERISTICS
Red 늑대 are smaller than gray wolves, with a 더 많이 slender and elongated head and shorter coarser fur. In comparison to the coyote, they are larger and 더 많이 robust with longer legs and larger ears. The red 늑대 measurements range from 15 to 16 inches shoulder height, 55 to 65 inches in length (nose to end of tail), weighing anywhere from 40 to 90 pounds. Its color is usually mainly brown with blended 색깔 ranging from cinnamon red to almost black. Light markings above the eyes are also common.
DIET
The red 늑대 is known to hunt mainly at dusk and/or dawn. They feed mostly on small to medium 동물 such as grouse, raccoons, rabbits, hares, rodents, carrion and domestic livestock. They also prey on young white-tailed deer when available. Other than prarie chickens, the red 늑대 very seldom feeds on birds.
BREEDING
Mating season occurs in February and March, and gestation lasts about 60 days. In April 또는 May, an average of 3 to 6 pups are born. They usually remain with pack for 15 to 20 months and reach sexual maturity at about 22 months. Both the mother and father usually mate for life and both participate in rearing their offspring. The direct family is usually what makes up the pack. Their dens are formed around dense vegetation, a river bank, in a hollow 나무, 트리 stump, 또는 an abandonded 굴, 덴 of some other creature.
STATUS
Between 1900 and 1920, red 늑대 were annihilated from most of the eastern portion of their range 의해 means of predator control programs using poison, along with heavy hunting and trapping. 의해 1980, the Canis rufus that used to inhabit almost all of the southeastern United States was declared extinct in the wild.
40 red 늑대 were captured in the late 1970's and of those, 14 were found to be genetically pure and were used for captive breeding. Since 1987, hundreds of red 늑대 have been reintroduced to the wild. However, they are still seen as unwanted intruders 의해 some people and are hunted down. In addition, the threat of hybridization with the Coyote still exists.
The Florida Red Wolf
The Florida Red 늑대 was a subspecies of the Canis_rufus which is believed 의해 some to be a direct descendent of Canis edwardii the first North American canine clearly identifiable as a wolf. The Florida Red 늑대 which was identified as the red 늑대 subspecies Canis rufus floridus in 1912 의해 zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller was also known as the Cottontail Red 늑대 and the Black Wolf. They were usually found either in pairs 또는 small family groups rather than in packs.
HABITAT
The Florida Red 늑대 is known to have inhabited areas of Maine and Ohio down to Florida and Alabama.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Florida Red 늑대 weighed from 44 to 88 pounds and measured 26 to 31 inches high at the shoulder. Many of these 늑대 found in Georgia and Tennesee were black which is where they got the name Black Wolf.
STATUS
The Canis lupus floridanus has been extinct since 1921.
The Swamp Wolf
The Canis lupus gregoryi, also known as the swamp wolf, the Mississippi Valley red wolf, 또는 gregor's red wolf, was identified as a red 늑대 subspecies in 1937 의해 Edward A. Goldman. It is believed to be the linking species between the Red 늑대 and the Florida Red Wolf.
HABITAT
Once inhabited southwestern Indiana, southern Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma to southern Mississippi, central Louisiana, and the Big Thicket of southeast Texas.
CHARACTERISTICS
The wolf's face was black and gray, changing to black and reddish yellow on 상단, 맨 위로 of its head. The upper parts from the back of the neck to the rump and tail were reddish, mixed 또는 with black. The legs were reddish orange, becoming paler on feet, and a conspicuous black line along external surface of forearm. The ears were reddish brown, mixed with black. Its throat, lips, and chin were white. It has been described as being larger, but 더 많이 slender than other red wolves, weighing on average 60 to 70 pounds.
STATUS
Canis rufus gregoryi was declared extinct in the wild 의해 1970. Though it may be represented in captivity 또는 the reintroduced population in North Carolina.
The Arabian Wolf
Standing approximately 26 inches shoulder height and weighing an average of 40 pounds, the Arabian 늑대 is the smallest 늑대 subspecies, yet, the largest canid in Arabia. They have short greyish-beige hair which becomes much longer and thicker in winter. Their ears are large in comparison to the rest of it's body (similar to the maned wolf). Their eyes are naturally yellow with black pupils. However, many are found with brown eyes, revealing that somewhere down the line their ancestors have interbred with feral dogs.
It is endangered in Arabia, and extinct in the United Arab Emerites. Because of a scarcity of food, they are found in packs only during mating season from October to December, 또는 when 음식 is plentiful. It will kill 동물 up to the size of a goat, but usually feeds on carrion, small birds, rodents, reptiles and insects. It also eats fruits and plants when meat is scarce. They dig burrows in the sand to protect themselves from the sun, and hunt mainly at night.
The only time that Arabian 늑대 are known to be territorial is when their pups are born. The litter size can be as large as 12, but is usually only 2 또는 3. They are blind at birth and weaned at about eight weeks when the parents start regurgitating 음식 for them.
The European Gray Wolf
The European 늑대 Canis lupus lupus, also known as the common gray wolf, was the first identified subspecies of the gray wolf. It was described 의해 Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae, in 1758.
HABITAT
It is present in Eastern and Central 유럽 and Central Asia. It still covers the greatest range among all gray 늑대 subspecies. The size of their territories depends on the abundance of 음식 and water. They are very adaptable to different environments.
CHARACTERISTICS
On average, European gray 늑대 weigh from 70 to 130 pounds and can measure up to 39 inches at shoulder height. They can vary in length from 40 to 65 inches with females about twenty per cent smaller than males. Their 모피 is known to be shorter and 더 많이 dense as compared to the North American wolf. Their 색깔 range from white, cream, red, grey and black, sometimes with all 색깔 combined.
DIET
Gray 늑대 feed on ungulates and rodents, fruits, berries, and fish. Depending on availability of prey, gray 늑대 may 또는 may not hunt in packs.
BREEDING
Breeding seasons vary from January in low latitudes to April in high latitudes. The female will give birth to 4-7 pups after 61-63 days of gestation. To maintain the strength of the pack, only the dominant pair mate. However, all members of the pack are involved in raising the young.
STATUS
Mortality factors affecting 늑대 include persecution 의해 humans, killing 의해 other wolves, diseases, parasites, starvation, and injuries 의해 prey. The average lifespan in the wild is between 7 and 10 years.
The Hokkaido Wolf
The Hokkaido 늑대 또는 the Canis lupus hattai, formerly known as Canis lupus rex, was also known as the Ezo 늑대 또는 Ezoookami. It was classified as a subspecies of the gray 늑대 in 1931 의해 Japanese arachnologist Kyukichi Kishida. Hokkaido 늑대 are descendants from mainland Siberian wolves.
HABITAT
They once inhabited the Japanese island of Hokkaido, Russia's island of Sakhalin and Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Kuril islands.
CHARACTERISTICS
As compared to the Honshu Wolf, the Hokkaido 늑대 더 많이 closely related to the standard gray 늑대 in size, dimensions, and other characteristics. They were usually a light grey 또는 tannish grey in color.
DIET
The Hokkaido 늑대 fed mainly on deer, rabbits, and birds.
EXTINCTION
A large number of deer starved to death in 1878 because of a heavy snow, having a great negative affect on the Ezo Wolf. In addition, the 늑대 were deliberately poisoned with strychnine 의해 farmers who viewed the 늑대 as a threat to their livestock. A bounty was placed on the 늑대 which officially became extinct in 1889.
Since then, there have been people claiming to see the Ezo Wolf. However, none of these sightings have been verified.
The Honshu Wolf
The Honshu 늑대 was identified in 1839 as the gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus hodophilax 의해 Dutch zoologist Coenraad Temminck. It was also known as the Hondo wolf, the yamainu, and the mountain dog.
HABITAT
It lived on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu primarily in remote mountain areas.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Honshu 늑대 was the world's smallest wolf, standing just over a foot at the shoulder and measuring 35 inches from nose to end of the tail. They had short wiry hair and a thin dog-like tail that was rounded at the end. Their legs were shorter in relation to their body length. In many ways, it resembled dogs, coyotes and jackals much 더 많이 so than its Siberian 늑대 ancestors.
Although it is presently classified as a gray 늑대 subspecies, many argue that its physical differences are enough to consider the Honshu 늑대 to be its own species. Some believe it may not have even been a true wolf.
DIET
The Honshu 늑대 was known to have preyed on deer, wild boar, and smaller pests. Farmers praised the 늑대 for keeping down the number of 동물 that might otherwise damage their crops.
EXTINCTION
Honshu 늑대 were abundant in 일본 until 1732 when rabies was introduced to the island. It was rabies, deforestation of the wolf's habitat, and and conflict with humans that led to their extinction. The last specimen was officially killed in 1905 in Nara Prefecture on Honshu Island, Japan. Although there have been many sightings claimed since then, none of them have been verified. There are five mounted specimens known of today; three in Japan, one in the Netherlands, and the last officially killed specimen in a British Museum.
The Iberian Wolf
The grey 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus signatus was idenified 의해 Spanish zoologizt Angelus Cabrera in 1907. Though many taxonomists do not recognize it, genetic work 의해 biologist Robert Wayne of UCLA suggests that it is a true subspecies.
HABITAT
The Iberian 늑대 inhabits the forests and plains of the northwestern part of Spain, the northeastern 상단, 맨 위로 of Portugal, and a few isolated areas in the Sierra Morena, Spain. Over 50 percent of the Iberian 늑대 reside in Northern Castilla y Len.
CHARACTERISTICS
Iberian 늑대 are of medium size with a thinner build than the average Eurasian wolf. Males can weigh as much as 90 pounds and females are usually 75 to 80 percent the size of males. Their 코트 will vary in color from a lighter grey 또는 ochre in the warmer months to a darker reddish brown during the winter. The name signatus (meaning marked) was derived from white marks on the wolf's upper lips, and dark marks on the tail and front legs.
DIET
The Iberian wolf's diet will greatly vary depending on exactly where they are. 늑대 of Cantabria may feed on red deer, roe deer, and wild 수퇘지, 멧돼지 while the 늑대 of Galicia will feed partially on remains from chicken and pig farms. The 늑대 of Castilla y Len are believed to feed largely on rabbits. Overall, their main 출처 of nuitrition comes from livestock. Much of this livestock used to be carrion. However, since the banning of leaving dead 동물 in the field because of the fear of mad cow's disease, the 늑대 have turned to killing 더 많이 양 and cows.
BREEDING
Like most other gray wolves, Iberian 늑대 breed only the alpha male and female in order to maintain the strength of the pack. Female 늑대 can usually begin breeding at one year, but don't fully mature until they reach 5 years. Breeding season is at the end of winter. The liter is usually 5 또는 6 pups that are looked after 의해 the entire pack until autumn when they 가입하기 in with the others. They must be protected from eagle owls and golden eagles for the first few weeks.
STATUS
The Iberian 늑대 once inhabited the vast majority of the Iberian Peninsula. However throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the 늑대 of Spain became officially recognized as pests 의해 the Spanish government who offered a bounty for dead wolves. The wolves' number decreased to as few as 400 to 500 and they were classified as endangered.
Hunting of 늑대 has since been banned in Portugal and many parts of Spain. Their number has been estimated at about 2,000 in Spain and another 400 in Portugal. Their 사무용 겉옷, 전반적인 state has upgraded from endangered to vulnerable. However, the 늑대 of Sierra Morena are classified as critically endangered, and the Extremaduran populations are believed to be extinct. 늑대 have over the years become very wary of people, and actual sightings of 늑대 in the wild are, therefore, rare.
The Iranian Wolf
The Iranian 늑대 was identified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus pallipes in 1931 의해 ornithologist William Henry Sykes. Because of their overlapping habitat and physical similarities, the Iranian 늑대 and Indian 늑대 were for a long time recognized as one and the same.
HABITAT
The habitat of Iranian 늑대 varies from arid desert regions to dense scrub forests. They can be found in the Middle East and Southwest Asia; 더 많이 specifically, Northern Israel, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Turkey Pakistan, and Iran.
CHARACTERISTICS
Because of such a variation between habitats, there is likewise a great variation in physical features and lifestyle among this one subspecies of wolf. Like the Indian wolf, Iranian 늑대 are smaller than 늑대 of Northern 유럽 and North America. Iranian 늑대 vary from 25 to 40 inches in height, and weigh from 55 to 70 pounds. Because of the drier and harsher climate, their 모피 is a short light-grey with either little 또는 no undercoat. Just like many other creatures of the desert, Iranian 늑대 have large ears to disperse body heat.
DIET
Iranian 늑대 may be found in packs of 5 to 15. 늑대 in harsher climates may hunt in pairs 또는 even individually, depending on availability of prey. They feed on a number of small mammals such as rats, squirrels, mongooses, and ground birds such as partridges, quails, jungle fowl, and lapwings.
BREEDING
Mating occurs during winter. To help maintain the strength of the pack, just the dominant pair mates. The mother usually gives birth to 3 to 5 pups. Both the male and female look after pups until they are 6 months old.
STATUS
Iranian 늑대 are forced to share their habitat and prey with an encroaching human population. They are viewed as a threat 의해 many people. Just like the Arabian wolf, the Iranian 늑대 is threatened 의해 interbreeding with domestic dogs. Its life span is from 16 to 20 years in captivity, and 8 to15 years in the wild.
The Italian Wolf
The Italian Wolf, also known as the Apennine Wolf, was originally described in 1921 as subspecies Canis lupus italicus of the common grey 늑대 의해 Italian zoologist Joseph Altobello. However, in 1999 it was recognized as a species distinct from Canis lupus. There is presently a dispute over whether the Canis lupus italicus is a grey 늑대 subspecies 또는 an actual species of its own, Canis italicus.
HABITAT
The Italian 늑대 is found mainly in the Apennine Mountains in Italy. They have been found dwelling within 25 miles of Rome. Semi-recently, they have implanted themselves in Southern France, and areas of Switzerland.
CHARACTERISTICS
의해 grey 늑대 standards, the Italian 늑대 is considered a medium sized subspecies. Their body size varies from 39 to 55 inches in length and weighs 53 to 88 pounds. Females are roughly 10 percent smaller than males. Italian 늑대 are usually a mix of grey and brown. Though rarely seen, black 늑대 have been sighted in the Mugello region and the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines.
DIET
Italian 늑대 are known to hunt at night, feeding mainly on both medium and small sized 동물 such as wild boar, roe deer, and red deer, chamois, elk, hares, and rabbits. They will also feed on plants, berries, and herbs for fiber. When around the suburb, 늑대 will feed on garbage, livestock and domestic animals.
Because of the rarity of large prey, 늑대 packs in Italy are often smaller, comprised of just a reproducing pair and a few young.
BREEDING
Young 늑대 usually stay with their birth family until they are old enough to start their own family. Mating season usually occurs around the middle of March. Gestation will then last for 60 days, after which the mother gives birth to anywhere from 2 to 7 pups.
STATUS
의해 the end of the 1920's, 늑대 throughout the alps and Sicily were annihilated. Their number was also severely reduced in the Appennine regions, all from fierce persecutions. The 늑대 population in Italy continued to decrease until the early 1970's when Luigi Boitani and Eric Zimen took on a study of the 늑대 in the Abruzzo Mountains, east of Rome. As a result, the World Conservation Union expressed great interest in the wolf, listing it in the IUCN's Red Data Book of endangered species. The italian 늑대 population in the wild has since increased to between 500 and 600 and is estimated to be growing 의해 7 percent annually.
Their largest apparent threat at present is a large number of wolf-dog hybrids altering the genetic integrity of the Italian wolf. A captive breeding program has been started 의해 biologists. However, further controls on the number of domestic 개 are badly needed.
The Steppe Wolf
The steppe 늑대 was classified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus campestris in 1804 의해 Russian scientist Ivan Dwigubski. It is also known as the Caspian Sea 늑대 and the Caucasian wolf. Most taxonomists recognize the Canis lupus campestris, Canis lupus bactrianus, Canis lupus cubanensis, and the Canis lupus desertorum as being one and the same subspecies. The steppe 늑대 is commonly mistaken as being Canis lupus chanco which is the Tibetan 늑대 또는 Mongolian wolf.
HABITAT
The historic range of the steppe 늑대 is in the countries surrounding the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. Today, it exists only in a remote area in the extreme south-western portion of Russia that borders the northern half of the Caspian Sea.
CHARACTERISTICS
Steppe 늑대 usually come in desert 색깔 to blend into their surroundings. They are not white as are many 더 많이 northerly Siberian wolves. Caspian sea 늑대 usually weigh up to 88 pounds, having short coats that display shades of gray with rust 또는 brown and black hairs over their back with a poorly furred tail.
DIET
They eat almost every animal they can catch. 늑대 usually hunt in packs, but the steppe 늑대 will hunt on its own when 음식 (especially large prey) is scarce. The steppe 늑대 usually feeds on herd animals, rodents, and fish. When 음식 is scarce, it may also eat berries and other fruits.
Though they usually eat almost every animal they can catch, both packs and lone steppe 늑대 have been known to occasionally kill 더 많이 than they are capable of feeding on, especially Caspian seals. They are also liable to hunt domestic 동물 of nomadic families at any time 일 또는 night. They hunt when they are hungry but if they are not successful they can go without 음식 for several weeks.
BREEDING
Like most other wolves, mating is usually between the dominant pair of the pack. Breeding usually occurs between January and April. After about 63 days, the mother will give birth to 4 to 7 pups which the entire pack usually takes part in raising.
STATUS
The Canis lupus campestris has been hunted as a nuisance for years. It is listed as endangered in the Mongolian Red List of Mamals (2007), and can now only be found in a far south-western part of Russia along the Caspian Sea.
The Tibetan Wolf
The Canis lupus chanco was identified as a subspecies of the gray 늑대 in 1863 의해 British zoologist John Edward Gray. It is also known as the Canis lupus chance, Canis lupsu laniger, the Tibetan wolf, Mongolian wolf, and Chinese wolf. For a long time, the Tibetan 늑대 and the Himalayan 늑대 were recognized as one and the same. However, recent genetic studies suggest the Himalayan 늑대 to be a distinct species, the Canis himalayensis.
HABITAT
The Tibetan 늑대 can be found in central China, the Manschurai, the jungles and deserts of Mongolia, North Sikkim, Tibet, south-western Russia, the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal and Bhutan.
CHARACTERISTICS
The size of the Tibetan 늑대 can vary from 58 to 65 inches (from nose to end of tail) and from 27 to 30 inches high, weighing from 65 to 70 pounds. Compared to the common European wolf, they are slightly larger, with shorter legs. Their skull is similar with a longer thinner muzzle. This "wooly wolf" has a long shaggy 코트 which seasonally varies in color, usually a blend of white, yellow, brown, grey, and black.
DIET
The Tibetan 늑대 is an amazing hunter with excellent survival skills. It is known to hunt both during the 일 and at night either alone 또는 in packs. Its preferred prey includes deer, blue sheep, and other large mammals. When 음식 becomes scarce, it will feed on smaller 동물 like marmots, hares, ground squirrel, and mice. When hunting, the 늑대 can reach speeds up to 40 mph.
BREEDING
The Tibetan 늑대 reaches sexual maturity in it's 초 year. Breeding season usually occurs in the Spring. To maintain strength of the pack, only the dominant male and female breed. Two months later, four to six pups are born weighing roughly one pound each. At three to four weeks they will leave the den. They are nurtured 의해 their mother for two to three months after which they begin to tag along with their parents hunting.. In the wild, they live anywhere from six to ten years. They can long as twenty years in captivity.
STATUS
Endangered, Schedule I, (1991).
The 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf
The 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 Canis lupus albus is one of the largest subspecies of the gray wolf. It was classified as a subspecies 의해 Robert Kerr in 1792.
HABITAT
The 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 can be found throughout Northern 유럽 and Asia from Northern Finland to the Kamchatka Peninsula, from the far north of Russia into the Arctic. They primarily reside in the northern arctic and boreal regions of Russia roughly between 65 and 71 degrees latitude.Although they were eliminated from some of the Arctic islands north of Siberia, they have been recently seen on Wrangle Island.
CHARACTERISTICS
The 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 can measure up to 7 feet in length from nose to end of tail. There have been unconfirmed reports of some weighing as much as 220 pounds. However, on average, 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 weigh from 100 to 125 pounds. Their height can be anywhere from 28 to 38 inches.
Most have coats that are a combination of grey, black, rust, and silver grey. They are known to have long thick coats with dense underfur, and are often hunted for them. The average life span is approximately 16 years.
DIET
They primarily prey on large mammals like deer, wapiti, moose, caribou, bison, musk ox and mountain sheep. Because catching large 동물 is not a daily occurrence, an adult 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 may eat up to 20 pounds in one feeding. Contrary to the belief that 늑대 target mainly infirm creatures, research of 늑대 in Eurasia has shown that in some cases, up to 93% of their targeted prey have no physical 또는 mental hindrance.
BREEDING
Breeding season is usually late March through April, reasonably later in the 년 than for most 늑대 because of the high latitude of the 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 habitat. During this time, females are in heat for 5 to 15 days. After mating, gestation period for the female is 62 to 63 days, after which she gives birth to usually between 2 and 6 pups.
STATUS
Like many other species, the 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf's greatest enemies are loggers and hunters. In Russia and a number of former Soviet states, 늑대 can still be killed in any number without a permit, at any time of the year, using whatever methods are handy. Regional governments and hunting societies have even offered bounties of up to $190 for each 늑대 slain.
늑대 have long symbolized treachery in Russian folk tales, and 늑대 hunting has been part of village culture for centuries. These attitudes are still well-entrenched. 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 have only recently been seen on Wrangle Island after having been totally eliminated from a number of the Arctic Islands north of Siberia. They have been classed as 'Least Concern'.
The Egyptian Jackal
W.F. Hemprich and C.G. Ehrenberg first recognized the Egyptian jackal's similarity to the Canis lupus in 1833. Hence, it was given the name Canis lupaster. As early as 1880, biologist Thomas Huxley stated that the Egyptian jackal looked suspiciously like a gray wolf. It has most recently been classed as a subspecies of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus lupaster in 1926 의해 Ernst Schwarz.
Fairly recent studies of this Egyptian jackal have shown morphological differences from other subspecies and features that relate it 더 많이 to the Canis lupus species. However, because data from the studies was very scarce, the conclusion was to retain the Egyptian Jackal as a Canis aureus subspecies. Should it ever be found to be a Canis lupus subspecies, it will be the only gray 늑대 known to be in Africa.
HABITAT
The Canis aureus lupaster also known as Egyptian 늑대 can be found only in Northern Egypt, the Ethiopian highlands, and Northeastern Libya. It's possible that they might still be in Saudi Arabia, but hunting has drastically reduced their numbers.
CHARACTERISTICS
Appearing large for a jackal, the Egyptian 늑대 measures from 51 to 64 inches in length from tip of it's nose to end of it's tail, stands 16 to 20 inches at shoulder height and weighs anywhere from 22 to 35 pounds. It is rather thin with a 코트 which is usually tinged gray, beige 또는 a dirty yellow. It is often discribed as lanky and might appear as reasonalbly heavier than it's actual weight. It is larger and longer limbed than other subspecies of the Jackal, though smaller than the Arabian Wolf.
These 늑대 are 의해 and large nocturnal. Like other dogs, they'll usually bark when excited 또는 growl when irritated. They often bark when excited and growl when annoyed. They usually howl and 또는 yelp calling out to each other just after dark and just before sunrise. They'll give an occasional bark. They are very sociable and usually live in either packs 또는 더 많이 often pairs.
DIET
The Egyptian jackal is an omnivorous creature, feeding on everything from insects, snails, fish, chickens, young goats, sheep, birds and carrion as well as melons and corn.
BREEDING
Mating occurs in early Spring, with a gestation of about two months. They will usually have about four 또는 five pups. Though, they have on record had as many as eight.
STATUS
It had been listed as critically endangered 의해 the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Then suddenly in January of 2011, it was no longer listed anywhere 의해 the IUCN. There may be no 더 많이 than forty in the world.
The Ethiopian Wolf
The Ethiopian wolf, also known the Abyssinian 늑대 또는 Simien Jackal, is believed 의해 some scientists not to be a true wolf. However, DNA studies show it to be 더 많이 closely related to gray 늑대 and coyotes than to any other African canines. It is the most endangered canine species in Africa, and, among wolves, its rarity is 초 only to the red wolf.
It inhabits only a few mountain pockets of the Ethiopian highlands. There is believed to be fewer than 450 alive in the wild. The largest concentration of Ethiopian 늑대 exist in the Bale Mountains National Park. The people living in the Bale Mountains own on average 2 개 per household in order to protect their livestock. Although the wolves' habitat has constantly dwindled as a result of human encroachment, its greatest threat of extinction is a recurring epidemic of rabies which is transmitted from domestic 개 with whom the 늑대 compete for food.
The Ethiopian 늑대 has long legs and a long muzzle, resembling the coyote in both shape and size. It has a distinctive reddish 코트 with a white throat, chest, and underparts, broad pointed ears, and a thick bushy black tail with a white base. It ranges in size from 43 to 55 inches (tip of nose to end of tail) and weighs from 24 to 42 pounds.
의해 nature, the Ethiopian 늑대 hunts 의해 day, but it is found to sometimes be nocturnal in areas where it is persecuted. Though they live in packs which share and defend their territories, they almost always hunt alone. Rodents make up over 90% of their diet, but they occasionally feed on small antelopes, hares, and hyraxes.
Breeding season usually occurs between August and November. During breeding season and pregnancy, the female's 코트 turns a pale yellowish color and her tail turns brownish and loses hair. The dominant female of the pack gives birth to a litter of 2 to 7 pups between October and January. Full maturity is reached at 2 years.
The only real predators other than humans are spotted hyenas and tawny eagles that occasionally prey on unattended pups. Life span in the wild is about 8 to 10 years.
The Indian Wolf
For a long time, it was believed that the Indian 늑대 was a gray 늑대 subspecies and was recognized as the Canis lupus pallipes, the same as the Iranian Wolf. However, recent genetic research suggests that the Indian 늑대 has not cross-bred with any other subspecies in over 400,000 years which would make it a separate species of it's own, the Canis indica. The Canis lupus pallipes would then refer to the 늑대 from the Arabian peninsula, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, but not India.
HABITAT
The Indian 늑대 is adapted to scrublands, grasslands, and semi-arid pastoral environments. It is found mainly in the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Its territories range from 100 to 150 square miles. Much of t
The Canis lupus tundrarum was identified as a subspecies in 1912 의해 zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller. Some believe that it is just an extension of the Interior Alaskan Wolf, while others think it is the same as the Mackenzie Valley 늑대 또는 the Mackenzie 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf. The Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 shares many characteristics with all three.
HABITAT
The Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 resides in the 동토대, 툰드라 regions along the Arctic coast of northern Alaska.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 is a large 늑대 measuring from 50 to 64 in length (nose to end of tail). Its weight can vary in males from 85 to 176 pounds, and in females from 80 to 120 pounds. They are usually seen in light colored to pure white coats, though they also come in dark coats, including black. Their hair is long, though not as long as the European 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf. They have a heavier dentition than the Interior Alaskan Wolf.
DIET
When possible, it will feed on deer and other ungulates. It also feeds on smaller 동물 and vegetation.
BREEDING
The dominant male and female of the pack will mate around February. Gestation lasts anywhere from 62 to 75 days. The female usually gives birth to about 4 pups in a den. The pack will assist in raising them.
Alexander Archipelago Wolf
HABITAT
The Alexander Archipelago wolf, also known as the Canis lupus ligoni, is found in coastal southeast Alaska. A large portion of them reside within Alaska's Tongass National Forest. They can be found on the mainland from Dixon Entrance to Yakutat Bay, and on all the major islands in the Alexander Archipelago except Admiralty, Baranof and Chichagof.
These islands are but the tops of submerged coastal mountains having steep rugged shorelines. They are densely forested and have an abundance of wildlife. Many of the 늑대 travel freely between islands, and their ranges may shift significantly over time. This makes it difficult to accurately keep track of their population. This subspecies of 늑대 is relatively isolated from other 늑대 의해 mountains and water barriers.
CHARACTERISTICS
These "island wolves" are small 늑대 with short hair which is usually either black 또는 another rather dark color. They average about 3 1/2 feet long, 2 feet high, weighing 30 to 50 pounds. Taxonomist Goldman described the Alexander Archipelago 늑대 as being smaller and having shorter, coarser, and darker hair than 늑대 in the northern and interior areas of Alaska.
DIET
Alexander Archipelago 늑대 feed primarily on Sitka black-tailed deer. They will also prey on moose, beaver, mustelids, other small mammals, and birds. Researchers have learned in recent years that some 늑대 packs also spend a surprising amount of time feeding on salmon.
BREEDING
In southeast Alaska, pups are usually born during the last 2 weeks of April. Dens are usually built 4 to 5 weeks prior to the birth, between the roots of trees, in small caves 또는 crevices in rocks, abandoned 비버 lodges, 또는 expanded mammal burrows.
STATUS
늑대 in Alaska have been under attack since the 1940s. A federal poisoning and aerial shooting campaign began following World War II. 의해 the mid-1950s the government had greatly reduced 늑대 numbers in much of south central and interior Alaska. While poisoning was banned after statehood in 1959, aerial shooting and bounty payments continued through the 1960s.
After the passage of the Federal Airborne Hunting Act in 1972 and the termination of the bounty, 늑대 numbers increased. 의해 the mid-1970s hunters demanded state-sponsored 늑대 control and the Alaska Department of 물고기 and Game responded with helicopter shooting programs. Considerable public opposition stopped these state-sponsored programs, but land-and-shoot hunting of 늑대 의해 private hunters continued through the 1980s into the early 1990s.
The current population of Alexander Archipelago 늑대 is thought to be between 750 and 1,100.
Arctic Wolf
Able to tolerate years of sub-zero temperatures, up to five months of darkness a year, and weeks without food, the arctic 늑대 lives in one of the few places on earth where it is 안전한, 안전 from the greatest threat of all - man. Arctic 늑대 inhabit some of the most inhospitable terrain in the world. In April, the air temperature rarely rises above -22 F. The ground is permanently frozen. The arctic 늑대 is one of the few mammals that can tolerate these conditions. Details of the animal's life through much of the 년 are virtually unknown.
늑대 usually live in small packs 또는 family groups consisting of a breeding pair, their pups, and their unmated offspring from the prior several seasons. The dominant, 또는 breeding, pair are known as the alpha male and alpha female. They are respected 의해 the rest of the pack. All adults in the pack cooperate in feeding and caring for the young.
Throughout the Fall and Winter, arctic 늑대 remain on the move. After mating in March, the pregnant female leaves the pack to find a 굴, 덴 to give birth to her pups. She may dig a new one. However, if the ground is frozen, she will be forced to return to an old 굴, 덴 in a cave 또는 rock cleft. The pups are born deaf, blind, and helpless. They are totally dependent on their mother, and she in turn relies on her mate to bring her the 음식 she needs. After a month, the pups are able to eat meat. From then on, the whole pack shares the job of feeding them with regurgitated meat from a kill. The pups may strike out on their own the following year.
The arctic 늑대 preys on lemmings and arctic hare, but its most substantial 출처 of 음식 is musk oxen and caribou. Because of the scarcity of grazing plants, 동물 must roam a large area in order to find enough 음식 to survive.
They will kill virtually any animal they can catch, and eat every part of it, including skin, fur, and bones. The 늑대 have up to 800 square miles in which to 검색 for their prey. When Winter temperatures plummet, the 늑대 may follow migrating caribou South.
The arctic 늑대 must hunt together in packs when seeking large prey. The caribou 또는 musk oxen are too powerful for any one 늑대 to take on alone. 의해 the time the pack approaches a herd of oxen out in the open, the chance of a surprise attack is long gone; the herd has already formed a defensive 원, 동그라미 with the calves in the center. The 늑대 must then prowl around the herd forcing the oxen to shift their ground to face them. If the 늑대 are successful, the oxen will scatter. The 늑대 will then give chase, trying to isolate the young 또는 weak. A musk ox will provide enough 음식 to last the 늑대 several days.
The shoulder height of the arctic 늑대 varies from 25 to 31 inches. On average, they are about 3 feet tall from head to toe. Their body length may vary from 3 to 5 feet (nose to tail). Their 색깔 may range from red, gray, white and black. The approximate weight of a full grown male is 175 pounds. In captivity, an arctic 늑대 can live to be over 17 years. However, the average lifespan in the wild is but 7 years.
늑대 in general have been under threat throughout history. The arctic 늑대 is the only subspecies still found over the whole of its original range. This is largely because it rarely encounters humans.
The Baffin Island Wolf
It was not until 1943 that the Baffin Island 늑대 was recognized as a distinct subspecies 의해 zoologist Rudolph Martin Anderson. Its trinomial name Canis lupus manningi was taken from zoologist Thomas Henry Manning, OC who had spent a 년 and a half mapping the island.
HABITAT
Baffin Island 늑대 are found exclusively on Baffin Island and a few small adjacent islands.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Baffin Island 늑대 is the smallest of all arctic wolves. It has a thick white 코트 which makes it appear larger than it actually is.
DIET
Baffin Island 늑대 are omnivorous creatures and will feed on just about anything if they are hungry enough. However, their major sources of 음식 are lemmings, barren-ground caribou, and the arctic hare. They often hunt either alone 또는 a male and female together.
STATUS
The Baffin Island 늑대 is listed as endangered.
Bernard's Wolf
It was not until 1943 that zoologist Rudolph Martin Anderson identified the Bernard's Wolf, also known as the Banks Island Wolf, as the subspecies Canis lupus bernardi. An adult male skin and skull of the 늑대 at the National Museum of Canada had been collected 의해 Peter Bernard. The 늑대 was named after hunter/explorer/fur trader Peter Bernard and his nephew Joseph Bernard.
HABITAT
The Bernard's 늑대 reside on Banks Island in the Northwest Territories of Canada. They were previously widespread in the archipelago Victoria, but were annihilated 의해 excessive hunting.
CHARACTERISTICS
They are large wolves, standing up to 4 feet tall and 6 feet long from tip of nose to end of tail. They have long thick white hair with a black stripe down their spine. They can weigh anywhere from 60 to 110 pounds.
STATUS
The last Bernard's 늑대 seen on Banks Island were in the northwestern regions. During a survey of the southern region of the island taken in March of 1993, no 늑대 were found, nor were any fresh 늑대 kills nor 늑대 tracks seen. The 늑대 on Victoria Island were killed off between 1918 and 1952.
British Columbian Wolf
The British Columbian 늑대 was classified as subspecies Canis lupus columbianus in 1941 의해 senior biologist Edward Goldman.
HABITAT
It was once found in the greater part of British Columbia, parts of Yukon, Alberta, and southwestern Alaska It crossed territories with the Alexander Archipelago 늑대 and the Cascade Mountain Wolf.
CHARACTERISTICS
Canis lupus columbianus was one of the larger subspecies of the Gray 늑대 in North America. They weighed between 80-150 pounds, and had long coats which were usually black, often mixed with grey, 또는 brown. They measured roughly 60 to 70 inches in length. It had similarities to both the Alaskan Interior 늑대 and the Mackenzie Valley Wolf, though it usually measured smaller than both.
DIET
The British Columbian 늑대 fed on hares, birds, deer and other ungulates.
STATUS
Hunted to extinction.
Cascade Mountain Wolf
Also known as the Brown Wolf, the Canis lupus fuscus was recognized as a gray 늑대 subspecies 의해 Sir John Richardson, M.D. in 1839.
HABITAT
At one time, it could be found along the Cascades, from Southwestern Canada down to Northern California.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Cascade Mountain 늑대 was similar in size to both the Northern Rocky Mountains 늑대 and the Southern Rocky Mountains Wolf. It was of medium size, averaging 3 feet tall, 4 to 5 feet in length, and 80 to 90 pounds. The "fuscus" in the wolf's latin name refers to its greyish-brown 코트 which occasionally would have a touch of red and/or sprinkles of black.
STATUS
Because of government sponsered bounties and the hostility of settlers toward the Cascade Mountain Wolf, it eventually became extinct 의해 1940.
Canis lupus lycaon, commonly known as the eastern timber wolf, was the first gray 늑대 subspecies to be identified in North America in 1775. Fairly recent molecular studies have suggested it as being a distinct species of its own, the Canis lycaon. There has not, however, been any official change in classification.
HABITAT
The eastern timber 늑대 was at one time found as far south as Florida and as far west as Minnesota. It still occupies over 40% of its original range in Canada. However, it is found mainly around the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence regions of southeast Ontario and southwest Quebec in remote, forested areas. Their greatest concentration is in Algonquin Park in Ontario.
Eastern Timber Wolf
The eastern timber 늑대 does not always make use of shelters except when rearing offspring. Their shelters will always be near a water source. The territory of their pack may cover anywhere from 20 to 120 square miles.
CHARACTERISTICS
Eastern timber 늑대 come in a variety of 색깔 from white to grey and from brown to black. They often have a reddish-brown muzzle and lower legs with white, grey, and black on their back. Smaller than the common gray wolf, they weigh anywhere from 50 to 100 lbs. The average adult male weighs 75 lbs. and the average adult female weighs 60 lbs. They measure 5 to 5 1/2 feet in length (tip of nose to end of tail) and 25 to 36 inches in height.
DIET
In the winter, the timber 늑대 feeds mainly on large 동물 such as white-tailed deer, moose, elk, and caribou. Other times of the year, its diet will include smaller 동물 such as rodents and fish.
BREEDING
Eastern timber 늑대 breed in late winter. Like most other wolves, usually just the dominant male and female of the pack that breed. This helps keep up the strength of the pack. A liter of about five 또는 six pups is born two months later in a den. They are deaf and blind, and weigh about a pound each. Growing several pounds a week, they start seeing at two weeks and hearing at three weeks. At six weeks, the pups are fed solid 음식 regurgitated 의해 the adults. 의해 the end of the summer, the pups are close to full grown and blend in with the pack.
STATUS
As with other wildlife, human activity is the greatest threat to the eastern timber wolf. They came close to being extinct in the United States in the early 1900s. Today, they survive in only 3 percent of their original habitat in the United States. The only state where they are not listed as endangered is Minnesota where they are listed as threatened.
The Great Plains Wolf
Also known as the buffalo wolf, the Great Plains 늑대 is the most common subspecies of the gray 늑대 in the continental United States. It was originally identified as a separate species Canis nubilus 의해 Thomas Say in 1823 and was re-classified as subspecies Canis lupus nubilus in 1841 의해 Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied.
HABITAT
The Great Plains 늑대 at one time had the largest range of any subspecies in North America, inhabiting most of the Western United States, southeastern Alaska, and central and northeastern Canada. However, 의해 the 1930s, the subspecies had been almost totally eradicated from the United States. 의해 the mid-1960s, just a few still survived in northeastern Minnesota along the Ontario border. It is currently found in the western Great Lakes region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Upper Michigan and Ontario. The size of the wolf's territory can vary depending on the type and availability of prey.
CHARACTERISTICS
Great Plains 늑대 vary from 4 1/2 to 6 1/2 feet long from nose to end of tail, and weigh between 60 and 110 pounds. The female is roughly 80 percent the size of the male. Their 코트 is usually a blend of grey, black, brown, buff, 또는 red. They travel in packs of 5 또는 6 늑대 on average.
DIET
The Great Plains 늑대 preys on white-tailed deer, moose, snowshoe hare, small birds, and rodents such as beaver.
BREEDING
To maintain the strength of the pack, usually only the alpha male and female reproduce. Mating season usually occurs from early January through late February at such northern climates. Roughly 63 days after mating, the mother will give birth to 4 to 6 pups in a den. They become fully grown in 6 to 8 months and are sexually mature 의해 about 22 months.
STATUS
It was believed the Great Plains 늑대 had become extinct 의해 1926. However, later studies showed 늑대 found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Upper Michigan to be descendants of the Canis lupus nubilus. Even then, their number became fewer and fewer until they were federally protected as an endangered species in 1974. Because of being federally protected, their population in Minnesota had become large enough to be reclassified as just threatened in 1978.
의해 2009, the number of 늑대 in the Great Lakes region had climbed to an estimated 2,922 in Minnesota, 580 in Michigan, and 626 in Wisconsin. In response, the 물고기 and Wildlife Service removed these 4,000 늑대 from the endangered species list. As a result, the agency was sued 의해 5 environmental and animal protection groups and forced to return the 늑대 to the list - at least temporarily. The 물고기 and Wildlife Service still believes that the 늑대 in the western Great Lakes region have met the recovery criteria and don't need to be listed.
The Greenland Wolf
The Greenland 늑대 has been described as a white to pale colored 늑대 very similar to the Arctic 늑대 and resides in Greenland. It was classified as a distinct subspecies in 1935 의해 British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock.
With that said, there is no available evidence to suggest that the Greenland 늑대 still exists 또는 ever did. In fact, the validity of the subspecies Canis lupus orion is doubted 의해 many scientists. It seems unlikely that the Greenland 늑대 has at any time developed subspecies characteristics distinct from its Canadian counterpart. The lighter weight of these 늑대 in Greenland is very likely due to malnutrition rather than a morphological difference between the Canis lupus orion and high Arctic 동토대, 툰드라 wolves.
It is generally acknowledged that the Greenland 늑대 are migrants from Canada (Vibe, 1967), and the documented reports of 늑대 on the sea ice in both the northern and southern parts of Nares Strait suggest that this migration is frequent and still persists (Dawes, 1978). If the Greenland 늑대 is an actual subspecies, it is most likely extinct.
The Hudson 만, 베이 Wolf
Sometimes referred to as the 동토대, 툰드라 wolf, the Hudson 만, 베이 늑대 was classified as the gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus hudsonicus in 1941 의해 senior biologist Edward A. Goldman.
HABITAT
They are found in Canada, west of Hudson 만, 베이 from Northern Manitoba through the Northwest Territories and above, sometimes migrating south in the winter with the caribou herds.
CHARACTERISTICS
Hudson 만, 베이 늑대 are of medium size with body lengths of 4 to 5 feet on average, and measuring from 28 to 36 inches high. Their weight may vary anywhere from 80 to 140 pounds, with females being slightly smaller than males.
They have bushy hair that can vary from a light grey to a yellowish-white 또는 cream color. Their hair seems to be lighter in the winter. They are said to be similar in general to the Mackenzie Valley wolf, only smaller.
DIET
Hunting in packs, they will prey on large ungulates such as caribou, moose and bison. When large prey is not as plentiful, they will also feed on carrion and smaller animals. On average, they require about 10 pounds of meat per day.
BREEDING
Mating usually occurs in the spring between the alpha pair of the pack. Gestation lasts 62 to 65 days, after which the mother gives birth to an average of 4 to 6 pups. They are brown in color and deaf and blind for the first 10 days. After several weeks, they begin to leave the den, but are still breastfed for 2 to 3 months. All members of the pack participate in raising the young. They reach full maturity 의해 2 years.
STATUS
The status of the Hudson 만, 베이 늑대 has not been evaluated 의해 the IUCN. Though it is considered 의해 many to be endangered. Its lifespan in the wild is approximately 10 years.
The Interior Alaskan Wolf
The Interior Alaskan Wolf, also known as the Yukon Wolf, was classified as the Canis lupus pambasileus in 1905 의해 zoologist Daniel Elliot. It is among the largest 늑대 in North America, if not the largest. Some believe that it is just an extension of the Alaskan 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf.
HABITAT
They are distributed throughout the interior of Alaska and the Yukon, except the 동토대, 툰드라 region of the arctic coast.
CHARACTERISTICS
Interior Alaskan 늑대 are usually of a darker color, most often black 또는 black mixed with either brown, gray, 또는 white. They are very large wolves, measuring 5 to 7 feet in length from tip of nose to end of tail. They are at present the largest 늑대 in North America and possible the world.
DIET
Some of what they feed on are caribou, moose, dall sheep, hares, and ground squirrel.
The Kenai Peninsula Wolf
Kenai Peninsula 늑대 were the largest 늑대 in North America before humans drove them to extinction. They were identified as subspecies Canis lupus alces in 1941 의해 senior biologist Edward Goldman using only skeletal findings.
HABITAT
They inhabited the Kenai Peninsula and adjacent areas in Alaska.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Kenai Peninsula 늑대 measured from 5 to 7 feet in length (nose to end of tail), 35 to 44 inches shoulder height, and weighed 150 to 200 pounds.
DIET
It fed largely on moose which is how its scientific name Canis lupus alces was derived. It would also feed on other large ungulates.
EXTINCTION
늑대 were plentiful on the Kenai Peninsula in the late 1890's. However, the gold rush brought prospectors to the area, and 의해 1915 늑대 were almost completely exterminated 의해 means of predator control programs using poison, along with heavy hunting and trapping. It became extinct 의해 1925.
The Labrador Wolf
The Labrador 늑대 was identified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus labradorius 의해 biologist Edward A. Goldman in 1937. Because of its elusiveness and the vast, rugged land it occupies, it is one of the least studied 늑대 in the world. Labrador 늑대 are also rarely photographed in the wild.
HABITAT
They still inhabit nearly all of their historic range in Labrador and Northern Quebec.
CHARACTERISTICS
They are medium size 늑대 with dark gray to nearly white fur. Similar in general only larger than the Canis lupus lycaon of southwest Quebec and the Great Lakes region.
DIET
Labrador 늑대 hunt one of the largest herds of caribou in the world. They also prey on moose, musk ox, hares, beaver, and other rodents and fish.
STATUS
Endangered.
The Mackenzie 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf
Originally identified as subspecies Canis lupus mackenzii in 1943 의해 Canadian zoologist Rudolph Anderson, the Mackenzie 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 was reclassified in 1992 as being a member of the subspecies Canis lupus occidentalis. It also has similarities to Canis lupus tundarum and Canis lupus pambsileus.
HABITAT
It resides East of the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories of Canada from the arctic coast to south of Great 곰 Lake. Signs of them have been found as far south as Great Slave Lake.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Canis lupus mackenzii is a medium size wolf, measuring roughly 60 to 65 in in length from nose to end of tail. They can range in color anywhere from white to yellowish white to grey to black 또는 a blend of all of these.
DIET
The main 출처 of 음식 is caribou. They will also feed on rodents and salmon.
STATUS
The Mackenzie 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 is endangered.
The Mackenzie Valley Wolf
The Canis lupus occidentalis which also goes 의해 the Mackenzie Valley wolf, the Alaskan timber wolf, the Canadian timber wolf, 또는 the rocky mountain wolf, was classified as a gray 늑대 subspecies in 1829 의해 Sir John Richardson, M.D. It is one of the largest 늑대 subspecies in North America.
HABITAT
Mackenzie Valley 늑대 inhabit much of western Canada and Alaska including Unimak Island. In 1995-96, they were brought from Canada to restore populations in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. In Alaska, 늑대 packs are usually 6 to 12 wolves, though some packs may be as large as 20 to 30. Their territories in Alaska average about 600 square miles. In Yellowstone, pack size averages 9.2 늑대 with average territory size of 348 square miles. In Idaho, pack size averages 11.1 with territories averaging 364 square miles.
CHARACTERISTICS
Average males weigh between 100 and 145 pounds with females weighing roughly 10 to 20 percent less. The heaviest on record was caught in Alaska in 1939, weighing 175 pounds. Though the 기네스 book of Animal World Records mentions an unconfirmed specimen weighing 230 pounds. They measure 32 to 36 inches shoulder height and 5 to 7 feet in length, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail. Their long, powerful legs allow them to travel as far as 70 miles a day, and through rough terrain like deep snow. They can reach speeds of up to 40 miles an 시간 for short periods of time. Their skull measures about 12 inches long. A combination of powerful jaw and neck muscles allows them to break 본즈 and bring down large prey.
DIET
The size of Mackenzie Valley 늑대 is partially due to their large abundance of food. They will prey on wood bison, elk, caribou, musk ox, moose, Dall sheep, Sitka black-tailed deer, mountain goat, beaver, ground squirrel, vole, snowshoe hare, lemmings, and salmon.
BREEDING
Breeding season usually occurs in February. The dominant male and female of the pack breed in attempt to keep up the strength of the pack. Usually 63 days after breeding, 4 to 6 pups are born. They leave the 굴, 덴 in 4 to 6 weeks, and 의해 fall, they are large enough to travel and hunt with the pack. They become full-grown in 6 to 8 months, and sexually mature at about 22 months.
STATUS
Like most other wolves, human activity (hunting, trapping, etc.) is 의해 far the greatest threat. However, protection given to the Mackenzie Valley 늑대 has allowed its population to increase drammatically. The 늑대 population in Alaska was estimated between 7,000 and 10,000 in 2006. 늑대 population in the northern Rocky Mountains (Greater Yellowstone Area, NW Montana, and Idaho) was estimated to be about 1200 and increasing. The U.S. 물고기 and Wildlife Services has decided to remove the gray 늑대 from the federal endangered list in the Northern Rockies and the western Great Lakes. Courts have overturned attempts in the past to remove them from the list. Legal battles are expected.
The Manitoba Wolf
Though the Manitoba 늑대 was officially classified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus griseoalbus 의해 zoologist Spencer Baird in 1858, many specialists never recognized it as a separate 늑대 subspecies. It is also known as the elusive wolf, the Saskatchewan timber wolf, and the grizzly wolf.
HABITAT
They supposedly reside in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Newfoundland, and the Northwest Territories of Canada.
CHARACTERISTICS
Manitoba 늑대 have been described as large size grey and white wolves. They are believed 의해 many to simply be Hudson 만, 베이 wolves.
DIET
Their main 음식 출처 is caribou.
STATUS
If the Manitoba wolf's status isn't the same as the Hudson 만, 베이 wolf's (which is endangered), then it is probably 더 많이 likely to be extinct.
The Mexican Gray Wolf
Until the 1900s, the Mexican gray 늑대 had ranged throughout Central Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Western Texas. Settlers at this time began hunting the wolf's prey, forcing the 늑대 to turn to feeding on the settler's livestock. This in turn lead to the settlers hunting the wolf.
의해 the 1950s, the Mexican 늑대 was virtually wiped out in the United States 의해 private trappers and government agencies. The last wild Mexican 늑대 known of in the United States was shot in 1970. In 1976, they were listed as endangered. Their number has since been increased through captive breeding, and they have been re-released into the wild, though they are still a very rare mammal in the wild.
When in the wild, the 늑대 feeds primarily on deer, antelope, rabbits and other small rodents. As the smallest subspecies of gray wolf, the Mexican gray 늑대 varies in size from 50 to 64 inches long (nose to tail), 24 to 32 inches shoulder height, and weighs from 50 to 90 pounds. It's 코트 is usually a blend of black, white, and grey. They form in packs which usually consist of a breeding pair and their offspring. Just like the Canis Lupus, all members of the pack help in raising the young.
The Mogollon Mountain Wolf
Also known as the Southwestern 늑대 또는 Mogollon Mountain wolf, the Mongollon 늑대 was classified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus mongolonensis 의해 biologist Edward A. Goldman in 1937. It was named after the Mogollon Indians of Arizona and New Mexico.
HABITAT
It inhabited Mogollon Plateau region of central of central Arizona, east through the Mogollon Mountains in southeast New Mexico to the Sacramento Mountains in central New Mexico.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Mogollon 늑대 was a small to medium size, slightly smaller than the Texas gray 늑대 on average, but larger that the Mexican gray.
STATUS
The Mogollon Mountain 늑대 was driven to extinction 의해 1935.
The Newfoundland Wolf
The Newfoundland 늑대 subspecies was not formally described until 1937 의해 zooligists G. M. Allen and Thomas Barbour, after it had already been led to extinction. Its scientific name Canis lupus beothucus was taken from the Beothuck, the native inhabitants of Newfoundland who were officially declared extinct 의해 1829.
HABITAT
The Newfoundland 늑대 lived on the island of Newfoundland off the east coast of Canada. Recent evidence has suggested that the first 늑대 to inhabit the island may have been there prior to the last ice age, surviving the ice age in refugia, south of the glacial ice sheet.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Newfoundland 늑대 was a medium to large 늑대 up to 5.5 feet long (nose to end of tail) and up to 100 pounds. It was said to be white, with a black stripe down its spine.
DIET
Caribou was the principle diet of the Newfoundland wolf. It also fed on beaver, vole, and other Rodentia.
EXTINCTION
Although hunting, trapping, and vigorous predator control methods were used on the Newfoundland wolf, it is believed to have been led to extinction mainly 의해 a sudden 음식 shortage in the early 1900's when the Newfoundland caribou population drastically dropped from as many as 120,000 to as few as 5,000-6,000. The last wild 늑대 on the island was shot 의해 1911. However, it wasn't until 1930 that it was officially listed as extinct.
The Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf
The Northern Rocky Mountain 늑대 was classified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus irremotus in 1937 의해 senior biologist Edward A. Goldman.
HABITAT
Its original habitat extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains to Southern Alberta in Canada.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Northern Rocky Mountain 늑대 is a light colored 늑대 of medium to large size, averaging from 85 to 115 pounds. The largest found on record was 145 pounds.
DIET
바이슨, 들소 made up a large portion of its diet until the herds of 바이슨, 들소 were wiped out. So, when the 늑대 were forced to switch over to feed on cattle, they were intentionally driven to extinction.
STATUS
It was removed from the federal list of endangered species in 2008
The Southern Rocky Mountain Wolf
The Southern Rocky Mountain Mountain 늑대 was classified as a gray 늑대 subspecies in 1937 의해 senior biologist Edward A. Goldman. It was given the Latin name Canis lupus youngi in recognition of Stanley P. Young who worked for the U.S. Government in overseeing extermination of the wolf. Go figure.
HABITAT
They were found throughout the Rocky Mountain region from Northern Utah and Southern Wyoming, south through Utah and Western Colorado To Northern Arizona and Northern New Mexico. They then became 더 많이 and 더 많이 dispersed going west to Central Nevada and as far south as the Providence Mountains in Southern California.
CHARACTERISTICS
In size, they varied from medium to somewhat large, similar to the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf. They were 4 feet to over 5 feet in length, averaging about 90 pounds, though they were found weighing up to 125 pounds. They had light buff colored fur, similar to the Great Plains wolf.
STATUS
The Southern Rocky Mountain 늑대 officially became extinct in 1935 from excessive hunting, trapping, and poisoning.
The Texas Gray Wolf
The Texas gray 늑대 was classified as subspecies Canis lupus monstrabilis in 1937 의해 biologist Edward A. Goldman. It became extinct just 5 years later in 1942.
HABITAT
It could once be found from southeastern New Mexico throughout central Texas, all the way down to the Mexican border and into Louisiana.
CHARACTERISTICS
On average, they had a small to medium build. Though they were not quite as small as the Mexican wolf. Most were of a rather dark color, though some specimens have shown that they were occasionally white.
DIET
바이슨, 들소 made up a large portion of its diet until the herds of 바이슨, 들소 were wiped out. So, when the 늑대 were forced to switch over to feed on cattle, they were intentionally driven to extinction.
STATUS
Though the Texas Gray 늑대 is considered 의해 many to be a distinct subspecies, other versions of 늑대 taxonomy recognized the subspecies as belonging to either Canis lupus baileyi 또는 Canis lupus nubilus. As stated above, they became extinct just 5 years after first being recognized as a separate subspecies.
The Vancouver Island Wolf
The Vancouver Island 늑대 was identified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus crassodon 의해 zoologist E. Raymond Hall, PhD. in 1932.
HABITAT
Its original habitat extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains to Southern Alberta in Canada.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Vancouver Island 늑대 is of medium sized, measuring roughly 26 to 32 inches high, 4 to 5 feet from nose to end of tail, and weighing 65 to 90 pounds. It is usually a mix of grey, brown, and black. Occasionally, they are seen pure white.
DIET
The two principal prey of the Vancouver Island 늑대 are the Columbian black-tailed deer and the Roosevelt elk. It also feeds on Eastern Cottontail Rabbit which were brought to the island in 1964.
BREEDING
Breeding season for this 늑대 comes in January.
STATUS
The Vancouver Island 늑대 disappeared from some surrounding islands like Salt Spring Island in the 1800's. In 1970, they wereadded tothe Canadian Wildlife Federations "Endangered Wildlife in Canada" list. 1973 Vancouver Island's 늑대 sighting program started with a count of 37 wolves, 1976 Vancouver Island 늑대 Populations had seemed to rebound with a count of 88 wolves,and in 1977 they were removed from the provincial Threatened and Endangered Species list.
The North American Red Wolf
The red 늑대 Canis lupus rufus is the only surviving 늑대 that evolved in North America. It was originally identified in 1851 의해 naturalists John Audubon and John Bachman as the species Canis rufus, distinct from the gray 늑대 Canis lupus. However, there is a present dispute between biologists, over whether the red 늑대 is a true species 또는 a hybrid caused 의해 the interbreeding of coyotes and gray wolves.
In defense of the red wolf's right to claim its own species, though early specimens suggest that it began to interbreed with the coyote Canis latrans around 1900, there is really no evidence that the red 늑대 originated as a hybrid of the gray 늑대 and coyote.
A common belief is that the coyote, the gray 늑대 and Eastern North American 늑대 all decended from one prehistoric ancestor, the Canis edwardii of the Pleistocene epoch. The Eastern North American 늑대 are then believed to have evolved into the eastern 늑대 of today and the red wolf. However, with all that said, the red 늑대 has been most recently classified in 2005 as the gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus rufus. In addition, Canis edwardii is most recently believed to have evolved into the Canis armbrusteri
HABITAT
Red 늑대 were once present throughout the southeastern United States from the Atlantic Coast to central Texas and from the Gulf Coast to central Missouri and southern Illinois. It may have occurred as far north as Maine. The red wolf's natural 집 could vary from 25 to 50 square miles. Any land which provides adequate food, water, and heavy vegetation would provide viable habitat for red wolves.
CHARACTERISTICS
Red 늑대 are smaller than gray wolves, with a 더 많이 slender and elongated head and shorter coarser fur. In comparison to the coyote, they are larger and 더 많이 robust with longer legs and larger ears. The red 늑대 measurements range from 15 to 16 inches shoulder height, 55 to 65 inches in length (nose to end of tail), weighing anywhere from 40 to 90 pounds. Its color is usually mainly brown with blended 색깔 ranging from cinnamon red to almost black. Light markings above the eyes are also common.
DIET
The red 늑대 is known to hunt mainly at dusk and/or dawn. They feed mostly on small to medium 동물 such as grouse, raccoons, rabbits, hares, rodents, carrion and domestic livestock. They also prey on young white-tailed deer when available. Other than prarie chickens, the red 늑대 very seldom feeds on birds.
BREEDING
Mating season occurs in February and March, and gestation lasts about 60 days. In April 또는 May, an average of 3 to 6 pups are born. They usually remain with pack for 15 to 20 months and reach sexual maturity at about 22 months. Both the mother and father usually mate for life and both participate in rearing their offspring. The direct family is usually what makes up the pack. Their dens are formed around dense vegetation, a river bank, in a hollow 나무, 트리 stump, 또는 an abandonded 굴, 덴 of some other creature.
STATUS
Between 1900 and 1920, red 늑대 were annihilated from most of the eastern portion of their range 의해 means of predator control programs using poison, along with heavy hunting and trapping. 의해 1980, the Canis rufus that used to inhabit almost all of the southeastern United States was declared extinct in the wild.
40 red 늑대 were captured in the late 1970's and of those, 14 were found to be genetically pure and were used for captive breeding. Since 1987, hundreds of red 늑대 have been reintroduced to the wild. However, they are still seen as unwanted intruders 의해 some people and are hunted down. In addition, the threat of hybridization with the Coyote still exists.
The Florida Red Wolf
The Florida Red 늑대 was a subspecies of the Canis_rufus which is believed 의해 some to be a direct descendent of Canis edwardii the first North American canine clearly identifiable as a wolf. The Florida Red 늑대 which was identified as the red 늑대 subspecies Canis rufus floridus in 1912 의해 zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller was also known as the Cottontail Red 늑대 and the Black Wolf. They were usually found either in pairs 또는 small family groups rather than in packs.
HABITAT
The Florida Red 늑대 is known to have inhabited areas of Maine and Ohio down to Florida and Alabama.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Florida Red 늑대 weighed from 44 to 88 pounds and measured 26 to 31 inches high at the shoulder. Many of these 늑대 found in Georgia and Tennesee were black which is where they got the name Black Wolf.
STATUS
The Canis lupus floridanus has been extinct since 1921.
The Swamp Wolf
The Canis lupus gregoryi, also known as the swamp wolf, the Mississippi Valley red wolf, 또는 gregor's red wolf, was identified as a red 늑대 subspecies in 1937 의해 Edward A. Goldman. It is believed to be the linking species between the Red 늑대 and the Florida Red Wolf.
HABITAT
Once inhabited southwestern Indiana, southern Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma to southern Mississippi, central Louisiana, and the Big Thicket of southeast Texas.
CHARACTERISTICS
The wolf's face was black and gray, changing to black and reddish yellow on 상단, 맨 위로 of its head. The upper parts from the back of the neck to the rump and tail were reddish, mixed 또는 with black. The legs were reddish orange, becoming paler on feet, and a conspicuous black line along external surface of forearm. The ears were reddish brown, mixed with black. Its throat, lips, and chin were white. It has been described as being larger, but 더 많이 slender than other red wolves, weighing on average 60 to 70 pounds.
STATUS
Canis rufus gregoryi was declared extinct in the wild 의해 1970. Though it may be represented in captivity 또는 the reintroduced population in North Carolina.
The Arabian Wolf
Standing approximately 26 inches shoulder height and weighing an average of 40 pounds, the Arabian 늑대 is the smallest 늑대 subspecies, yet, the largest canid in Arabia. They have short greyish-beige hair which becomes much longer and thicker in winter. Their ears are large in comparison to the rest of it's body (similar to the maned wolf). Their eyes are naturally yellow with black pupils. However, many are found with brown eyes, revealing that somewhere down the line their ancestors have interbred with feral dogs.
It is endangered in Arabia, and extinct in the United Arab Emerites. Because of a scarcity of food, they are found in packs only during mating season from October to December, 또는 when 음식 is plentiful. It will kill 동물 up to the size of a goat, but usually feeds on carrion, small birds, rodents, reptiles and insects. It also eats fruits and plants when meat is scarce. They dig burrows in the sand to protect themselves from the sun, and hunt mainly at night.
The only time that Arabian 늑대 are known to be territorial is when their pups are born. The litter size can be as large as 12, but is usually only 2 또는 3. They are blind at birth and weaned at about eight weeks when the parents start regurgitating 음식 for them.
The European Gray Wolf
The European 늑대 Canis lupus lupus, also known as the common gray wolf, was the first identified subspecies of the gray wolf. It was described 의해 Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae, in 1758.
HABITAT
It is present in Eastern and Central 유럽 and Central Asia. It still covers the greatest range among all gray 늑대 subspecies. The size of their territories depends on the abundance of 음식 and water. They are very adaptable to different environments.
CHARACTERISTICS
On average, European gray 늑대 weigh from 70 to 130 pounds and can measure up to 39 inches at shoulder height. They can vary in length from 40 to 65 inches with females about twenty per cent smaller than males. Their 모피 is known to be shorter and 더 많이 dense as compared to the North American wolf. Their 색깔 range from white, cream, red, grey and black, sometimes with all 색깔 combined.
DIET
Gray 늑대 feed on ungulates and rodents, fruits, berries, and fish. Depending on availability of prey, gray 늑대 may 또는 may not hunt in packs.
BREEDING
Breeding seasons vary from January in low latitudes to April in high latitudes. The female will give birth to 4-7 pups after 61-63 days of gestation. To maintain the strength of the pack, only the dominant pair mate. However, all members of the pack are involved in raising the young.
STATUS
Mortality factors affecting 늑대 include persecution 의해 humans, killing 의해 other wolves, diseases, parasites, starvation, and injuries 의해 prey. The average lifespan in the wild is between 7 and 10 years.
The Hokkaido Wolf
The Hokkaido 늑대 또는 the Canis lupus hattai, formerly known as Canis lupus rex, was also known as the Ezo 늑대 또는 Ezoookami. It was classified as a subspecies of the gray 늑대 in 1931 의해 Japanese arachnologist Kyukichi Kishida. Hokkaido 늑대 are descendants from mainland Siberian wolves.
HABITAT
They once inhabited the Japanese island of Hokkaido, Russia's island of Sakhalin and Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Kuril islands.
CHARACTERISTICS
As compared to the Honshu Wolf, the Hokkaido 늑대 더 많이 closely related to the standard gray 늑대 in size, dimensions, and other characteristics. They were usually a light grey 또는 tannish grey in color.
DIET
The Hokkaido 늑대 fed mainly on deer, rabbits, and birds.
EXTINCTION
A large number of deer starved to death in 1878 because of a heavy snow, having a great negative affect on the Ezo Wolf. In addition, the 늑대 were deliberately poisoned with strychnine 의해 farmers who viewed the 늑대 as a threat to their livestock. A bounty was placed on the 늑대 which officially became extinct in 1889.
Since then, there have been people claiming to see the Ezo Wolf. However, none of these sightings have been verified.
The Honshu Wolf
The Honshu 늑대 was identified in 1839 as the gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus hodophilax 의해 Dutch zoologist Coenraad Temminck. It was also known as the Hondo wolf, the yamainu, and the mountain dog.
HABITAT
It lived on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu primarily in remote mountain areas.
CHARACTERISTICS
The Honshu 늑대 was the world's smallest wolf, standing just over a foot at the shoulder and measuring 35 inches from nose to end of the tail. They had short wiry hair and a thin dog-like tail that was rounded at the end. Their legs were shorter in relation to their body length. In many ways, it resembled dogs, coyotes and jackals much 더 많이 so than its Siberian 늑대 ancestors.
Although it is presently classified as a gray 늑대 subspecies, many argue that its physical differences are enough to consider the Honshu 늑대 to be its own species. Some believe it may not have even been a true wolf.
DIET
The Honshu 늑대 was known to have preyed on deer, wild boar, and smaller pests. Farmers praised the 늑대 for keeping down the number of 동물 that might otherwise damage their crops.
EXTINCTION
Honshu 늑대 were abundant in 일본 until 1732 when rabies was introduced to the island. It was rabies, deforestation of the wolf's habitat, and and conflict with humans that led to their extinction. The last specimen was officially killed in 1905 in Nara Prefecture on Honshu Island, Japan. Although there have been many sightings claimed since then, none of them have been verified. There are five mounted specimens known of today; three in Japan, one in the Netherlands, and the last officially killed specimen in a British Museum.
The Iberian Wolf
The grey 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus signatus was idenified 의해 Spanish zoologizt Angelus Cabrera in 1907. Though many taxonomists do not recognize it, genetic work 의해 biologist Robert Wayne of UCLA suggests that it is a true subspecies.
HABITAT
The Iberian 늑대 inhabits the forests and plains of the northwestern part of Spain, the northeastern 상단, 맨 위로 of Portugal, and a few isolated areas in the Sierra Morena, Spain. Over 50 percent of the Iberian 늑대 reside in Northern Castilla y Len.
CHARACTERISTICS
Iberian 늑대 are of medium size with a thinner build than the average Eurasian wolf. Males can weigh as much as 90 pounds and females are usually 75 to 80 percent the size of males. Their 코트 will vary in color from a lighter grey 또는 ochre in the warmer months to a darker reddish brown during the winter. The name signatus (meaning marked) was derived from white marks on the wolf's upper lips, and dark marks on the tail and front legs.
DIET
The Iberian wolf's diet will greatly vary depending on exactly where they are. 늑대 of Cantabria may feed on red deer, roe deer, and wild 수퇘지, 멧돼지 while the 늑대 of Galicia will feed partially on remains from chicken and pig farms. The 늑대 of Castilla y Len are believed to feed largely on rabbits. Overall, their main 출처 of nuitrition comes from livestock. Much of this livestock used to be carrion. However, since the banning of leaving dead 동물 in the field because of the fear of mad cow's disease, the 늑대 have turned to killing 더 많이 양 and cows.
BREEDING
Like most other gray wolves, Iberian 늑대 breed only the alpha male and female in order to maintain the strength of the pack. Female 늑대 can usually begin breeding at one year, but don't fully mature until they reach 5 years. Breeding season is at the end of winter. The liter is usually 5 또는 6 pups that are looked after 의해 the entire pack until autumn when they 가입하기 in with the others. They must be protected from eagle owls and golden eagles for the first few weeks.
STATUS
The Iberian 늑대 once inhabited the vast majority of the Iberian Peninsula. However throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the 늑대 of Spain became officially recognized as pests 의해 the Spanish government who offered a bounty for dead wolves. The wolves' number decreased to as few as 400 to 500 and they were classified as endangered.
Hunting of 늑대 has since been banned in Portugal and many parts of Spain. Their number has been estimated at about 2,000 in Spain and another 400 in Portugal. Their 사무용 겉옷, 전반적인 state has upgraded from endangered to vulnerable. However, the 늑대 of Sierra Morena are classified as critically endangered, and the Extremaduran populations are believed to be extinct. 늑대 have over the years become very wary of people, and actual sightings of 늑대 in the wild are, therefore, rare.
The Iranian Wolf
The Iranian 늑대 was identified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus pallipes in 1931 의해 ornithologist William Henry Sykes. Because of their overlapping habitat and physical similarities, the Iranian 늑대 and Indian 늑대 were for a long time recognized as one and the same.
HABITAT
The habitat of Iranian 늑대 varies from arid desert regions to dense scrub forests. They can be found in the Middle East and Southwest Asia; 더 많이 specifically, Northern Israel, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Turkey Pakistan, and Iran.
CHARACTERISTICS
Because of such a variation between habitats, there is likewise a great variation in physical features and lifestyle among this one subspecies of wolf. Like the Indian wolf, Iranian 늑대 are smaller than 늑대 of Northern 유럽 and North America. Iranian 늑대 vary from 25 to 40 inches in height, and weigh from 55 to 70 pounds. Because of the drier and harsher climate, their 모피 is a short light-grey with either little 또는 no undercoat. Just like many other creatures of the desert, Iranian 늑대 have large ears to disperse body heat.
DIET
Iranian 늑대 may be found in packs of 5 to 15. 늑대 in harsher climates may hunt in pairs 또는 even individually, depending on availability of prey. They feed on a number of small mammals such as rats, squirrels, mongooses, and ground birds such as partridges, quails, jungle fowl, and lapwings.
BREEDING
Mating occurs during winter. To help maintain the strength of the pack, just the dominant pair mates. The mother usually gives birth to 3 to 5 pups. Both the male and female look after pups until they are 6 months old.
STATUS
Iranian 늑대 are forced to share their habitat and prey with an encroaching human population. They are viewed as a threat 의해 many people. Just like the Arabian wolf, the Iranian 늑대 is threatened 의해 interbreeding with domestic dogs. Its life span is from 16 to 20 years in captivity, and 8 to15 years in the wild.
The Italian Wolf
The Italian Wolf, also known as the Apennine Wolf, was originally described in 1921 as subspecies Canis lupus italicus of the common grey 늑대 의해 Italian zoologist Joseph Altobello. However, in 1999 it was recognized as a species distinct from Canis lupus. There is presently a dispute over whether the Canis lupus italicus is a grey 늑대 subspecies 또는 an actual species of its own, Canis italicus.
HABITAT
The Italian 늑대 is found mainly in the Apennine Mountains in Italy. They have been found dwelling within 25 miles of Rome. Semi-recently, they have implanted themselves in Southern France, and areas of Switzerland.
CHARACTERISTICS
의해 grey 늑대 standards, the Italian 늑대 is considered a medium sized subspecies. Their body size varies from 39 to 55 inches in length and weighs 53 to 88 pounds. Females are roughly 10 percent smaller than males. Italian 늑대 are usually a mix of grey and brown. Though rarely seen, black 늑대 have been sighted in the Mugello region and the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines.
DIET
Italian 늑대 are known to hunt at night, feeding mainly on both medium and small sized 동물 such as wild boar, roe deer, and red deer, chamois, elk, hares, and rabbits. They will also feed on plants, berries, and herbs for fiber. When around the suburb, 늑대 will feed on garbage, livestock and domestic animals.
Because of the rarity of large prey, 늑대 packs in Italy are often smaller, comprised of just a reproducing pair and a few young.
BREEDING
Young 늑대 usually stay with their birth family until they are old enough to start their own family. Mating season usually occurs around the middle of March. Gestation will then last for 60 days, after which the mother gives birth to anywhere from 2 to 7 pups.
STATUS
의해 the end of the 1920's, 늑대 throughout the alps and Sicily were annihilated. Their number was also severely reduced in the Appennine regions, all from fierce persecutions. The 늑대 population in Italy continued to decrease until the early 1970's when Luigi Boitani and Eric Zimen took on a study of the 늑대 in the Abruzzo Mountains, east of Rome. As a result, the World Conservation Union expressed great interest in the wolf, listing it in the IUCN's Red Data Book of endangered species. The italian 늑대 population in the wild has since increased to between 500 and 600 and is estimated to be growing 의해 7 percent annually.
Their largest apparent threat at present is a large number of wolf-dog hybrids altering the genetic integrity of the Italian wolf. A captive breeding program has been started 의해 biologists. However, further controls on the number of domestic 개 are badly needed.
The Steppe Wolf
The steppe 늑대 was classified as gray 늑대 subspecies Canis lupus campestris in 1804 의해 Russian scientist Ivan Dwigubski. It is also known as the Caspian Sea 늑대 and the Caucasian wolf. Most taxonomists recognize the Canis lupus campestris, Canis lupus bactrianus, Canis lupus cubanensis, and the Canis lupus desertorum as being one and the same subspecies. The steppe 늑대 is commonly mistaken as being Canis lupus chanco which is the Tibetan 늑대 또는 Mongolian wolf.
HABITAT
The historic range of the steppe 늑대 is in the countries surrounding the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. Today, it exists only in a remote area in the extreme south-western portion of Russia that borders the northern half of the Caspian Sea.
CHARACTERISTICS
Steppe 늑대 usually come in desert 색깔 to blend into their surroundings. They are not white as are many 더 많이 northerly Siberian wolves. Caspian sea 늑대 usually weigh up to 88 pounds, having short coats that display shades of gray with rust 또는 brown and black hairs over their back with a poorly furred tail.
DIET
They eat almost every animal they can catch. 늑대 usually hunt in packs, but the steppe 늑대 will hunt on its own when 음식 (especially large prey) is scarce. The steppe 늑대 usually feeds on herd animals, rodents, and fish. When 음식 is scarce, it may also eat berries and other fruits.
Though they usually eat almost every animal they can catch, both packs and lone steppe 늑대 have been known to occasionally kill 더 많이 than they are capable of feeding on, especially Caspian seals. They are also liable to hunt domestic 동물 of nomadic families at any time 일 또는 night. They hunt when they are hungry but if they are not successful they can go without 음식 for several weeks.
BREEDING
Like most other wolves, mating is usually between the dominant pair of the pack. Breeding usually occurs between January and April. After about 63 days, the mother will give birth to 4 to 7 pups which the entire pack usually takes part in raising.
STATUS
The Canis lupus campestris has been hunted as a nuisance for years. It is listed as endangered in the Mongolian Red List of Mamals (2007), and can now only be found in a far south-western part of Russia along the Caspian Sea.
The Tibetan Wolf
The Canis lupus chanco was identified as a subspecies of the gray 늑대 in 1863 의해 British zoologist John Edward Gray. It is also known as the Canis lupus chance, Canis lupsu laniger, the Tibetan wolf, Mongolian wolf, and Chinese wolf. For a long time, the Tibetan 늑대 and the Himalayan 늑대 were recognized as one and the same. However, recent genetic studies suggest the Himalayan 늑대 to be a distinct species, the Canis himalayensis.
HABITAT
The Tibetan 늑대 can be found in central China, the Manschurai, the jungles and deserts of Mongolia, North Sikkim, Tibet, south-western Russia, the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal and Bhutan.
CHARACTERISTICS
The size of the Tibetan 늑대 can vary from 58 to 65 inches (from nose to end of tail) and from 27 to 30 inches high, weighing from 65 to 70 pounds. Compared to the common European wolf, they are slightly larger, with shorter legs. Their skull is similar with a longer thinner muzzle. This "wooly wolf" has a long shaggy 코트 which seasonally varies in color, usually a blend of white, yellow, brown, grey, and black.
DIET
The Tibetan 늑대 is an amazing hunter with excellent survival skills. It is known to hunt both during the 일 and at night either alone 또는 in packs. Its preferred prey includes deer, blue sheep, and other large mammals. When 음식 becomes scarce, it will feed on smaller 동물 like marmots, hares, ground squirrel, and mice. When hunting, the 늑대 can reach speeds up to 40 mph.
BREEDING
The Tibetan 늑대 reaches sexual maturity in it's 초 year. Breeding season usually occurs in the Spring. To maintain strength of the pack, only the dominant male and female breed. Two months later, four to six pups are born weighing roughly one pound each. At three to four weeks they will leave the den. They are nurtured 의해 their mother for two to three months after which they begin to tag along with their parents hunting.. In the wild, they live anywhere from six to ten years. They can long as twenty years in captivity.
STATUS
Endangered, Schedule I, (1991).
The 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf
The 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 Canis lupus albus is one of the largest subspecies of the gray wolf. It was classified as a subspecies 의해 Robert Kerr in 1792.
HABITAT
The 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 can be found throughout Northern 유럽 and Asia from Northern Finland to the Kamchatka Peninsula, from the far north of Russia into the Arctic. They primarily reside in the northern arctic and boreal regions of Russia roughly between 65 and 71 degrees latitude.Although they were eliminated from some of the Arctic islands north of Siberia, they have been recently seen on Wrangle Island.
CHARACTERISTICS
The 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 can measure up to 7 feet in length from nose to end of tail. There have been unconfirmed reports of some weighing as much as 220 pounds. However, on average, 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 weigh from 100 to 125 pounds. Their height can be anywhere from 28 to 38 inches.
Most have coats that are a combination of grey, black, rust, and silver grey. They are known to have long thick coats with dense underfur, and are often hunted for them. The average life span is approximately 16 years.
DIET
They primarily prey on large mammals like deer, wapiti, moose, caribou, bison, musk ox and mountain sheep. Because catching large 동물 is not a daily occurrence, an adult 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 may eat up to 20 pounds in one feeding. Contrary to the belief that 늑대 target mainly infirm creatures, research of 늑대 in Eurasia has shown that in some cases, up to 93% of their targeted prey have no physical 또는 mental hindrance.
BREEDING
Breeding season is usually late March through April, reasonably later in the 년 than for most 늑대 because of the high latitude of the 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 habitat. During this time, females are in heat for 5 to 15 days. After mating, gestation period for the female is 62 to 63 days, after which she gives birth to usually between 2 and 6 pups.
STATUS
Like many other species, the 동토대, 툰드라 Wolf's greatest enemies are loggers and hunters. In Russia and a number of former Soviet states, 늑대 can still be killed in any number without a permit, at any time of the year, using whatever methods are handy. Regional governments and hunting societies have even offered bounties of up to $190 for each 늑대 slain.
늑대 have long symbolized treachery in Russian folk tales, and 늑대 hunting has been part of village culture for centuries. These attitudes are still well-entrenched. 동토대, 툰드라 늑대 have only recently been seen on Wrangle Island after having been totally eliminated from a number of the Arctic Islands north of Siberia. They have been classed as 'Least Concern'.
The Egyptian Jackal
W.F. Hemprich and C.G. Ehrenberg first recognized the Egyptian jackal's similarity to the Canis lupus in 1833. Hence, it was given the name Canis lupaster. As early as 1880, biologist Thomas Huxley stated that the Egyptian jackal looked suspiciously like a gray wolf. It has most recently been classed as a subspecies of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus lupaster in 1926 의해 Ernst Schwarz.
Fairly recent studies of this Egyptian jackal have shown morphological differences from other subspecies and features that relate it 더 많이 to the Canis lupus species. However, because data from the studies was very scarce, the conclusion was to retain the Egyptian Jackal as a Canis aureus subspecies. Should it ever be found to be a Canis lupus subspecies, it will be the only gray 늑대 known to be in Africa.
HABITAT
The Canis aureus lupaster also known as Egyptian 늑대 can be found only in Northern Egypt, the Ethiopian highlands, and Northeastern Libya. It's possible that they might still be in Saudi Arabia, but hunting has drastically reduced their numbers.
CHARACTERISTICS
Appearing large for a jackal, the Egyptian 늑대 measures from 51 to 64 inches in length from tip of it's nose to end of it's tail, stands 16 to 20 inches at shoulder height and weighs anywhere from 22 to 35 pounds. It is rather thin with a 코트 which is usually tinged gray, beige 또는 a dirty yellow. It is often discribed as lanky and might appear as reasonalbly heavier than it's actual weight. It is larger and longer limbed than other subspecies of the Jackal, though smaller than the Arabian Wolf.
These 늑대 are 의해 and large nocturnal. Like other dogs, they'll usually bark when excited 또는 growl when irritated. They often bark when excited and growl when annoyed. They usually howl and 또는 yelp calling out to each other just after dark and just before sunrise. They'll give an occasional bark. They are very sociable and usually live in either packs 또는 더 많이 often pairs.
DIET
The Egyptian jackal is an omnivorous creature, feeding on everything from insects, snails, fish, chickens, young goats, sheep, birds and carrion as well as melons and corn.
BREEDING
Mating occurs in early Spring, with a gestation of about two months. They will usually have about four 또는 five pups. Though, they have on record had as many as eight.
STATUS
It had been listed as critically endangered 의해 the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Then suddenly in January of 2011, it was no longer listed anywhere 의해 the IUCN. There may be no 더 많이 than forty in the world.
The Ethiopian Wolf
The Ethiopian wolf, also known the Abyssinian 늑대 또는 Simien Jackal, is believed 의해 some scientists not to be a true wolf. However, DNA studies show it to be 더 많이 closely related to gray 늑대 and coyotes than to any other African canines. It is the most endangered canine species in Africa, and, among wolves, its rarity is 초 only to the red wolf.
It inhabits only a few mountain pockets of the Ethiopian highlands. There is believed to be fewer than 450 alive in the wild. The largest concentration of Ethiopian 늑대 exist in the Bale Mountains National Park. The people living in the Bale Mountains own on average 2 개 per household in order to protect their livestock. Although the wolves' habitat has constantly dwindled as a result of human encroachment, its greatest threat of extinction is a recurring epidemic of rabies which is transmitted from domestic 개 with whom the 늑대 compete for food.
The Ethiopian 늑대 has long legs and a long muzzle, resembling the coyote in both shape and size. It has a distinctive reddish 코트 with a white throat, chest, and underparts, broad pointed ears, and a thick bushy black tail with a white base. It ranges in size from 43 to 55 inches (tip of nose to end of tail) and weighs from 24 to 42 pounds.
의해 nature, the Ethiopian 늑대 hunts 의해 day, but it is found to sometimes be nocturnal in areas where it is persecuted. Though they live in packs which share and defend their territories, they almost always hunt alone. Rodents make up over 90% of their diet, but they occasionally feed on small antelopes, hares, and hyraxes.
Breeding season usually occurs between August and November. During breeding season and pregnancy, the female's 코트 turns a pale yellowish color and her tail turns brownish and loses hair. The dominant female of the pack gives birth to a litter of 2 to 7 pups between October and January. Full maturity is reached at 2 years.
The only real predators other than humans are spotted hyenas and tawny eagles that occasionally prey on unattended pups. Life span in the wild is about 8 to 10 years.
The Indian Wolf
For a long time, it was believed that the Indian 늑대 was a gray 늑대 subspecies and was recognized as the Canis lupus pallipes, the same as the Iranian Wolf. However, recent genetic research suggests that the Indian 늑대 has not cross-bred with any other subspecies in over 400,000 years which would make it a separate species of it's own, the Canis indica. The Canis lupus pallipes would then refer to the 늑대 from the Arabian peninsula, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, but not India.
HABITAT
The Indian 늑대 is adapted to scrublands, grasslands, and semi-arid pastoral environments. It is found mainly in the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Its territories range from 100 to 150 square miles. Much of t
Jonathan and Buddy were 로스트 it was only me,Lily,Hank, and Ashely and we were in trouble then out of the silence a ear busting scream from Lily
Me-Lily....Lily!!!!!!!
I ran into a side room to see her laying face up on the floor her eyes open but she wasnt moving as I picked her up a dog with red eyes jumped out
Hank-Don't look into its eyes it will paraylize you
I shot it with my MG42 and put Lily over my shoulder and carried her down stairs when I remember blacking out I can't remember much I guess it will be another persons point of view I leave u with a goodnight season 2 will be out soon.
P.S. The 다음 season will be written 의해 me but from Hanks perspective
Me-Lily....Lily!!!!!!!
I ran into a side room to see her laying face up on the floor her eyes open but she wasnt moving as I picked her up a dog with red eyes jumped out
Hank-Don't look into its eyes it will paraylize you
I shot it with my MG42 and put Lily over my shoulder and carried her down stairs when I remember blacking out I can't remember much I guess it will be another persons point of view I leave u with a goodnight season 2 will be out soon.
P.S. The 다음 season will be written 의해 me but from Hanks perspective
1. first of all copy the first image press CTRL + J then go to Filter > Gaussian Blur, set 17.0 press OK
link
2. On Layer 1 click the lowest black and white 아이콘 then choose Levels.
link
3. Set the level is 0 1.53 168
link
4. then, click on the layer 1 choose "screen"
link
5. the last step is set the opacity as 당신 want :D
link
link
2. On Layer 1 click the lowest black and white 아이콘 then choose Levels.
link
3. Set the level is 0 1.53 168
link
4. then, click on the layer 1 choose "screen"
link
5. the last step is set the opacity as 당신 want :D
link